Forest Conditions. 265 
of their parish; on the other hand all fellings may be 
prohibited by the government, if this is found desirable. 
Private forests are without government supervision. 
The silvicultural system is most generally the rough 
selection forest or an approach to group system, relying 
upon voluntary reproduction entirely. Management is 
much hampered by rights of user to certain dimensions, 
and in the more distant districts by the difficulty of dis- 
posing of any but the best sizes. An orderly organiza- 
tion is still almost unknown. The stumpage is sold and 
removed by the buyer and the axe is still mainly used. 
Higher forest schools there are none, but three schools 
for the lower grades exist. Until recently the higher 
foresters had to get their education in Germany, or in 
the Swedish Forest Institute at Stockholm ; but in 1897 
a chair of forestry was instituted in the Agricultural 
college at Kristiania. 
Altogether forestry is on a low level in this country. 
A forestry society was organized in 1898, which pub- 
lishes a journal, Tidskrift for Skogsbrug, and employs 
a forester, paid by the State, to give professional advice. 
The subject is being brought into the primary schools 
and the efforts to improve conditions are widespread. 
DENMARK. 
Denmark with 15,290 square miles and 2.5 million 
people (or 164 to the square mile) is largely a farming 
country, 80 per cent. being productive, and only 5.4 per 
cent. of it, or less than 600,000 acres being under 
forest, and this aleo mostly on soil capable of farm use. 
In addition there are about 75,000 acres of heaths and 
