266 Denmark. 
other wastes in process of reforestation. Especially on 
the island of Jylland, on which the capital, Copen- 
hagen, is situated, the forest area is now increasing by 
planting. The balance, or nearly 20 per cent., consists 
of heaths, moors, peatbogs and sands. 
The peninsula of Jiitland is a large sandbank with ex- 
tensive sand dunes, shifting sands, heaths and moors, 
some of which probably were never forested, while a 
hardwood forest of beech and oak covered the better 
soils. 
While originally Beech was and is still the predom- 
inant timber (60%) with considerable additions of Oak 
(7%) and other hardwoods, a conifer forest of Spruce 
and Pine covering more than 20% of the forest area has 
been established by planting. 
This planting has been mainly done on the dunes and 
sandwastes, of which there were some 20,000 square 
miles in existence, and in the reclamation of the 
extensive heaths and moors or peat bogs, which are 
found especially on the west coast and in the north- 
ern Limfjord district, occupying one-sixth of the un- 
productive area. 
‘As was natural, the forest stocked on good farm land 
had to yield early to plow and pasture. Attempts at 
conservative use of the forest area date back to 1557 
when Christian JII issued a forest ordinance directing 
his vassals or liege lords to permit the peasants to secure 
their domestic wood requirements at a cheap rate, but 
not to permit cutting for sale or export, and reserving to 
himself all returns from such sales. There were also 
regulations for the pasture, especially as to goats, and 
