Tialy. 283 
graduated annually, hence even this improvement in the 
lower class police would not be completed for six or 
eight years. No steps had been taken to educate officers 
for the higher grades, and in this direction propositions 
merely were discussed. 
In 1899 a change in the permit system was made, but 
hardly for the better, justices of the peace being em- 
powered, under certain conditions, to issue such permits. 
Nor do we find in 1901 anything more than expressions 
of good wishes, and desire for further legislation, besides 
some attempts at popular education through the forma- 
tion of tree-planting associations under the patronage 
of the Crown Princess. 
While the government makes these efforts to improve 
conditions, the indifference, stupidity, cupidity, and 
malevolence of the people, and the long established 
abuses prevent rapid progress at reform. 
ITALY. 
The efforts to secure improvement in the treatment of 
forest resources have been more active and strenuous in 
Italy than in Greece. They were induced especially by 
the urgent need of protecting watersheds, the rivers 
throughout Italy having been turned into torrents by de- 
forestation. But owing to the weakness of the govern- 
mentand to poverty theactual executionof the very good 
laws has lagged behind. Indeed while ample legislation 
has been enacted, the people, overburdened with debt, 
and needing the small income that can be derived from 
pasturing or renting the pasture in the woods, make it 
