284 : Italy. 
difficult to carry on any reform, and the enforcement of 
the laws has again and again led to serious trouble. 
“Forestry is a sore point in the national economy of 
Italy, as it involves sacrifice of money and time.” Italy, 
therefore, like ourselves, is still in the transition period 
from forestal rapine to forest culture. 
Densely populated (33 million on 119 thousand 
square miles), with nearly one-third of its area unpro- 
ductive, or at least unused, and one-quarter of this 
almost or quite beyond redemption, no country offers 
better opportunities for studying the evil effects of de- 
forestation on soil and waterflow. As a result of the 
combination of geology (slates and limestones), topo- 
graphy (steep slopes), climate, and forest devastation 
or destruction, mainly by pasturage of goats (two mil- 
lion), the Italian rivers are invariably flooded in March 
and mostly dry in summer; the melting of the snow 
coinciding with the heavy spring rains turns them into 
raging torrents (fiumare), silting over the fertile lands 
in the valleys and occasioning landslides in the mountain 
country, where extensive tracts are nearly. bare of vegeta- 
tion. Especially the rivers around Bologna, which in 
Bolletino ufficiale per l'amminstrazione forestale Italiana. 
Direzione generale dell’ Agricoltora: Relazione interno all’ amministrazione 
det boschi de jali inalienabili. 
Various essays by Prof. Virrorio Pzrona of Vallambrosa in German maga- 
zines ; notably in Al/gemeine Forst-und Jagdzeitung, 1882, 1888. 
Archeologia forestale. Dell’ antica storia e giurisprudenza forestale in 
Italia. A. D1 Berencer, 1859. 
Marre, Revista forestale. 
Italy. By Prof. W. Deexe. 1904. 
Ll rimboschi: to dello Ap ino meridionale, by Luici SAVASTANO, 
1898. An exceedingly well written popular treatise on silviculture, which gives 
also briefly insight into forest conditions and forest practices. 
I bosch: ¢ la nostra politica Italiana, by BERTAGNOLLI, 1889, 
Italia moderna, 1904, article by LUNADOND, 
