Education. 295 
The first forest school was organized by Balestrieri, 
who had studied in Germany, at the Agricultural 
School near Turin about 1848, transferred to the Tech- 
nical Institute in Turin in 1851. This school continued 
until 1869, and from 1863 had been recognized by the 
State, assuring its graduates employment in State ser- 
vice. In 1869 the State established a forest school of 
its own (Institute Forestale) at Vallambrosa near Flor- 
ence, with a three years’ course (since 1886 four years) 
and, in 1900, eleven professors and 40 students. In 
spite of the State subvention of $8,500, it appears that 
some peculiar economies are necessary, for owing to the 
absence of stoves the school is closed from Nov. 1 to 
March 1. 
Besides the technical school at Vallambrosa, agricul- 
tural schools have chairs of forestry or arboriculture, as 
for instance the Royal school at Portici. As an educa- 
tional feature, the introduction of Arbor Day, in 1900, 
should also be mentioned. 
The existence of a forest school naturally produces 
a literature. While a considerable number of popular 
booklets attempt the education of the people, who are 
the owners of the forest, there is no absence of profes- 
sional works. Among these should be mentioned Di 
Berenger’s Selvicoltura, a very complete work, which 
also contains a brief history of forestry in the Orient, 
Greece and Italy. G. Carlos Siemoni’s Manuele d’arte 
forestale (1864), and the earlier Scienza selvana by 
Tondi (1829) are encyclopedias of inferior quality. 
In 1859 R. Maffei, a private forester, began to pub- 
lish the Revista forestale del regno d'Italia, an annual 
review, for the purpose of popularizing forestry in Italy, 
