300 - Spain. 
In 1882 all the public forests produced from wood 
sales only $900,000, but the value of the products taken 
by rights of user was estimated at nearly twice that 
amount. 
The forest flora and its distribution is very similar to 
that of Italy, and is described fully in two volumes pre- 
pared by a special commission appointed for this pur- 
pose. 
2. Development of Forest Policy. 
Spain is noted for its comprehensive legislation with- 
out execution; it is also known that official reports are 
rarely trustworthy, so that what appears on paper is by 
no means always found in reality, hence all statements 
must be accepted with reservations. 
The forest laws of Spain are somewhat similar tothose 
of Italy, yet show less appreciation of the needs of tech- 
nical forest culture. The value of forest resources and 
need of economy in their use was, indeed, recognized 
early. Recommendations for their conservative use 
are recorded from the 13th century on. An ordi- 
nance of Pedro I, in 1351,imposed heavy fines upon for- 
est destroyers. Ferdinand V, in 1496, expressed alarm 
at the progressing devastation, and, in 1518 we find a 
system of forest guards established, and even ordi- 
nances ordering reforestation of waste lands, which 
were again and again repeated during the century. In 
1567 and 1582, notes of alarm at the continuing de- 
struction prove that these ordinances had no effect. The 
same complaints and fears are expressed by the rulers 
during the 17th and 18th centuries, without any effec- 
tive action. In 1748, Ferdinand VI placed all forests 
