812 Great Britain. 
sixth of the consumption. In addition to timber and 
lumber, over 10 million dollars of wood pulp, and 60 
million dollars of by-products are imported. 
Pine is the only native conifer of timber value, and 
oak is the most important native deciduous tree, 
found mostly in coppice or in old, overmature, strag- 
gling pasture “woods. Compact larger forest areas 
are entirely absent, but there are many small planta- 
tions and parks. For, while Englishmen have not 
been foresters, they have been active treeplanters, 
and the mild climate has permitted the introduction of 
many exotics, especially American conifers. Most of 
these plantings have been for park and game purposes. 
The most noted forest plantations are found in Scot- 
land, among them the larch plantations of the Duke 
of Athole (begun in 1728), of at one time over 10,000 
acres, the ducal woodlands now covering over 20,000 
acres; the pinery of 25,000 acres, belonging to the 
Countess of Sealfield, the best managed forest prop- 
erty, partly in natural regeneration, and others. But 
these plantations too are mostly widely spaced and 
trimmed, hence not producing timber of much value, 
so that timber of British production is usually ruled 
out by architects. 
2. Development of Forest Policy. 
The Saxons and Normans were primarily hunters, 
and this propensity to the chase has impressed itself 
upon their forest treatment into modern times. 
The Teutonic Saxons undoubtedly brought with 
them the feudal and communal institutions of the 
