328 India. 
a primitive way, commonly hewn in the woods and 
shipped—usually floated—as timber, round or hewn, 
and rarely sawn to size. 
In 1903-4, the cut in the State forest area was 
290,000,000 cubic feet, timber and fuel, of which 20 
percent was given to grantees or those holding rights 
of user free of charge, and less than 2 percent was 
exported. In addition, over 200 million bamboos 
and nearly two million dollars worth of by-products, 
such as lac, caoutchuc, cutch, gambier, myrobalans, 
were secured. 
2. Property Conditions. 
Prior to the British occupation, the native rulers, or 
rajas, laid claim to a-certain proportion of the prod- 
uce from all cultivators of the soil. They also reserved 
absolute right to the forests, and to all unseated or 
waste lands, although usually the people were allowed 
to supply their needs. The English government, by 
right of conquest, fell heir to these rights as well as to 
the properties, but, without care in asserting its rights, 
the unimpeded use of unguarded forest property led 
to the assertion of rights of user by the people, which 
were also sometimes granted. “Joint village’? com- 
munities in some parts, i. e. settlements which occupy 
contiguous areas, claimed and occupied large areas 
of forest and waste as commons, and in general the 
original property rights of the government became un- 
certain. 
The necessity of bringing order into this question led 
to various so-called settlements, by which the rights 
