Organization. 339 
the entire forest business of the Province, or of a circle 
forming part of a Province and the administration unit 
in India. These are, therefore, the most influential 
and most responsible agents in introducing forestry 
practices. Conservatorships are divided into divisions, 
each in charge of a divisional forest officer, a member 
of either the Imperial or the Provincial Controlling 
Staff; but these have to acknowledge subordina- 
tion to the Chief Civil officer, the Collector of the dis- 
trict in which they are located, in order to harmonize 
the financial and forestal interests. 
About 80 per cent. of the Controlling Staff in the 
Imperial Service are appointed by the Secretary of 
State from graduates from the forest school at Cooper’s 
Hill College, now Oxford, the remaining 20 per cent. 
from Englishmen in the provincial service, the mem- 
bers of which have passed through the Dehra Dun for- 
est school and through the lower branches of the ser- 
vice. In addition to this Superior Staff, a Subordinate 
Staff of Extra Deputy Conservators and Extra Assistant 
Conservators forms the Provincial Service, which is 
to some extent recruited from the natives. 
The districts are divided into ranges, for which an 
Executive Service is organized, of rangers (over 400), 
who are now selected from graduates of the forest 
school in Dehra Dun. Deputy rangers and foresters, 
a lower grade (some 1200), and guards, having their 
separate beats (over 8500), form the Protective 
Service, mostly recruited from the better class of 
natives. 
