342 India. 
mapped on the scale of 4 inch to the mile, the standard, 
some smaller areas on smaller scale, at the rate of $25 
per square mile. 
Silviculture. Silvicultural practices are naturally 
but little developed. Protection against fire, grazing, 
overcutting has been the first requisite. The unregu- 
lated selection system with a diameter limit, which 
Brandis introduced, still prevails mostly, although be- 
ginnings of a compartment and group system in con- 
verting miscarried selection forest of Deodar, Pine 
and Sal have been made, or rather of an improved selec- 
tion method, which seeks to secure reproduction in 
groups. Clearcutting with seed trees held over is prac- 
tised in the coniferous mountain forest. Coppice and 
coppice with standards (reserves of sprouts) is a natural 
condition over large areas, especially with Teak and 
Sal. Even improvement cuttings or sowing on barren 
hillsides, with remarkable success, are not absent. 
The attempts at securing reproduction, especially in 
the truly tropic forests have often miscarried, inferior 
species filling the openings. Girdling of inferior species 
to favor the better classes has hardly had the desired 
result. In the deciduous forest the same difficulty 
of undesirable aftergrowth is experienced, deteriorat- 
ing the composition, except in the case of the gregarious | 
Sal tree (Shorea robusta), the treatment of which for 
reproduction has, after many failures, been well estab- 
lished. Other gregarious species also can be satisfac- 
torily reproduced. The culled and burned-over for- 
ests, of which there are many, are re-habilitated in a 
manner by merely removing the old overmature and 
defective timber, with comparative success. 
