366 Canada. 
voices of prominent Canadians, like that of Mr. Joly de 
Lotbiniere had been heard before in advocacy of a 
more far-seeing policy, the meeting of the American 
Forestry Congress at Montreal in 1882 may be set as 
the date of the inception of this movement in Canada. 
The definite result of that meeting was the inaugu- 
ration of forest fire legislation in the various provinces. 
In the Province of Ontario the Fire Act of 1878 was 
improved in 1885 by inaugurating a fire ranger system, 
in which limit holders pay one-half the cost of the 
rangers. In New Brunswick a fire law was passed in 
1885, followed in 1897 by the introduction of the 
Ontario ranger system. In 1883 Nova Scotia passed a 
* forest fire law, which, like that of New Brunswick, 
remained ineffective for lack of machinery; this was 
not provided until 1904. Quebec also enacted such 
legislation in 1883, but did not provide means to 
carry it into effect until 1889. Since at first only 
$5,000 annually was allowed for its execution, and by 
1901-2 not more than $7226 was expended for fire pro- 
tection over an area of 40 million acres, its effective- 
ness may be doubted. Ontario in that year, on one- 
quarter the area, had already increased its expenditure 
for protection to $34,200 with effect, and in 1906 ex- 
pected to spend $90,000 from the provincial treasury, 
in addition to $70,000 to $80,000 contributed by limit 
holders. The Dominion government has also estab- 
dished a fire ranger system. 
The need for more organized effort and advice led 
to the establishment of special bureaus of forestry. 
In Ontario a Clerk of Forestry was established in the 
Department of Agriculture in 1883, and in 1895 he was 
