ELM FAMILY 
many bud scales, there are perhaps twelve all told and the 
inner ones become half an inch long, a quarter of an inch 
wide, pale green, rounded, and tipped with rusty hairs. The 
enlarged bud scales of the White Elm are bright green, 
smooth, sometimes an inch long, narrow and acute. 
‘The samaras are larger than those of the White Elm and 
more orbicular. ‘hey ripen when the leaves are half grown, 
those of the White Elm ripen as the leaves unfold. The seed 
cavity is coated with thick brown tomentum. The margins 
are naked, those of the White Elm ciliate. The character of 
the inner bark is unmistakable. It is thick, fragrant, muci- 
laginous, demulcent, and nutritious. The water in which the 
bark has been soaked is a grateful drink for one suffering 
from affections of the throat and lungs. ‘The Indians of New 
York call the tree, Oo-hoosk-ah—“ It slips.” 
CORK ELM. ROCK ELM 
Ulmus racemosa. 
Eighty to one hundred feet in height, sometimes three feet in 
diameter, often free of branches for sixty feet; with short spreading 
limbs at the summit which form a round-topped head. Grows on 
dry gravelly uplands, rocky slopes and river cliffs. Roots fibrous. 
Ranges from Vermont to New York, from southern Michigan and 
Wisconsin to northeastern Nebraska, southeastern Missouri and 
middle Tennessee. 
Bark.—Gray tinged with red, divided by wide fissures into broad 
ridges, which are broken at the surface into large scales. Branch- 
lets light brown, downy, later dark brown or ashy gray. Corky ir- 
regular ridges appear on branches two years old. 
IVood.—Pale brown tinged with red ; heavy, hard, close-grained, 
strong and tough, takes a fine polish. Used for agricultural imple- 
ments, cabinetwork, railway ties, bridge timbers, and sills of build- 
ings. Sp. gr., 0.7263; weight of cu. ft., 45.26 lbs. 
Winter Buds.—Leaf-buds scaly, chestnut brown, ovate, acute, 
hairy, one-fourth of an inch long ; flower-buds larger. Inner scales 
enlarge with the growing shoot. No terminal bud is formed. 
Leaves.—Alternate, obovate or oblong-oval, three to four inches 
long, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, doubly serrate, acute. 
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