WALNUT FAMILY 
For some reason the ancients thought the shade of the 
walnut unwholesome to men and plants. It is certain that 
neither grass, field, nor garden crops thrive well under the 
walnut. The explanation given is that the injury comes 
from the decaying of the fallen leaves and the washing into 
the soil of their astringent properties; if such is the case the 
evil may be averted by raking them up and carrying them 
away as soon as they fall. 
BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT 
Jiglans cinerea, 
Common. Prefers rich moist lowlands, and fertile hills. Usually 
fifty to seventy feet high, with broad, spreading, horizontal branches 
forming a low symmetrical head. Deep perpendicular roots, with 
a few, thick, fibrous rootlets. 
Bark.—Light grayish brown, deeply divided into broad ridges 
which separate on the surface into small plate-like scales. Young 
trunks and branches, smooth and light gray. Branchlets at first 
orange brown or bright green, coated with rusty clammy hairs, be- 
coming later light gray. Contains tannic acid. 
IVood.—Light brown ; light, soft, coarse-grained and not strong. 
Will take a beautiful polish ; used for furniture and interior of houses. 
Sp. gr., 0.4086 ; weight of cu. ft., 25.46 lbs. 
Winter Buds.— Terminal buds hairy, somewhat flattened, one-half 
to three-fourths of an inch in length. Axillary buds hairy, ovate, 
flattened, rounded at the apex, one-eighth of an inch long, in groups 
of three or four, almost naked. Inner scales enlarge when spring 
growth begins. 
Leaves.-—Alternate, compound, unequally pinnate, often equally 
pinnate, fifteen to thirty inches long, hairy, with eleven to seventeen 
leaflets. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, three to five inches long, one 
and a half to two inches wide, unequally rounded at base, serrate, 
acute or acuminate, sessile or short petioled, the terminal leaf- 
let often borne on a stalk two inches in length. They come out o: 
the bud yellow green and sticky, shining and scurfy above, hairy be- 
low; when full grown thin, yellow green, pale; midribs rounded 
above, primary veins conspicuous. In autumn they turn yellow. 
Stipules wanting. Petioles downy with clammy hairs. 
Flowers.—May, when the leaves are half grown; moneecious. 
The catkins of staminate flowers appear in the autumn as short cone- 
like buds covered with pale tomentum ; when mature they are from 
three to five inches long. The perianth, subtended by an acute 
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