WALNUT FAMILY 
Bark.—Light grayish brown tinged with red, broker into thin 
plate-like scales. In old trees very rugged. Branchlets slender, 
marked with pale lenticels, at first bright green, downy, later become 
reddish brown, during the first winter reddish or orange brown, 
shining, with small, elevated, obscurely three-lobed leaf-scars, in the 
second year dark or light gray. 
!Vood.—Dark or light brown, sapwood much paler; heavy, hard, 
close-grained, tough and strong. Used for cooperage and for fuel. 
Sp. gr., 0.7552; weight of cu. ft., 47.06 lbs. 
Winter Buds.—VYerminal buds one-third to three-fourths of an 
inch long, compressed, narrow oval, oblique at apex. Lateral buds 
much smaller. Inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins, the 
innermost becoming an inch and a half long and half an inch broad, 
strap-shaped, pinnate at the apex, one and ahalf inch long, one-half 
inch broad, yellow green, downy. 
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, six to ten inches long. Leaflets 
seven to eleven, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, often un- 
equally wedge-shaped or partly cordate at base, sessile with the ex- 
ception of the terminal leaflet, serrate, acute or acuminate. Leaflet 
vernation involute. They come out of the bud bright yellow green 
or bronze red, shining, hairy and tomentose ; when full grown are 
thick, firm, dark yellow green above, paler beneath ; midribs prom- 
inent. In autumn they turn clear or rusty yellow. Petioles slender, 
hairy, slightly grooved. 
Flowers.—May, June, when leaves are half grown; moncecious. 
Staminate flowers, green, borne in triple catkins, three or four 
inches long. Common peduncle about an inch long ; stamens four; 
anthers yellow; bract longer than calyx lobes. Pistillate flowers 
one-half inch long, slightly angled, covered with yellow tomentum. 
Bract lanceolate, hairy ; bractlets broadly ovate, shorter than the 
calyx lobes; stigmas pale green, mature and wither before the 
staminate flowers open. 
Fruit.—Obovate or globular, three-fourths to one and one-half 
inches long, with four wings or ridges from the apex to the middle 
which mark the valves, apex shows the remnants of the stigmas, 
surface more or less thickly covered with golden scurfy pubescence, 
and marked on inner surface with dark veins. Nut ovate or oblong, 
compressed, marked at base with dark lines, gray with reddish tinge. 
Kernel very bitter. October. 
Distinenuishing Characters.—Winter buds bright yellow, bud scales 
valvate. Leaflets seven to eleven, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate. 
Fruit four-winged from apex nearly to the middle: nut often broader 
tnan long, thin-shelled, sightly four-angled, kernel bitter. 
The Swamp Hickory or Bitternut has tne smatlesi jeaflets 
of any ot the hickories; they are narrow. almost slender, and 
suggest willow leaves in their contour. Fhev are a distin- 
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