PINE 
and allowing the resinwus juices to collect there, This crude 
turpentine when distilled gives pure spirits of turpentine and 
rosin. Tar is obtained by the destructive distillation of the 
wood, which in the southern states is done in a very crude 
and wasteful manner. 
The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary. The 
orimary leaves are usually simple scales but sometimes they 
appear green and linear. The secondary are the evergreen 
needles which make up the ordinary foliage of the tree. 
These arise from the axils of the primary leaves in clusters 
of two to five, surrounded by a sheath which is formed by 
the union of several bud scales. 
In the two-leaved clusters the needles are flat above, con- 
vex below ; in those clusters containing three or more, the 
needles are triangular, more or less keeled. The margins 
are serrulate, the tips usually callous. 
The flowers are naked, moncecious and appear in early 
spring. The staminate flowers are clustered at the base of 
the leafy. shoots of the year in the axils of bracts; are yel- 
low, orange, or scarlet; oval, cylindrical, or oblong. They 
are composed of many, sessile, two-celled anthers, imbricated 
in many ranks, upon a central axis, each anther surmounted 
by a crest-like, semiorbicular connective. Each flower is sur- 
rounded at base by an involucre of scale-like bracts, usually 
definite in number in each species, the two external bracts 
strongly keeled at the back. The pollen of the pine is very 
abundant. The pistillate or ovule-bearing flowers are sub- 
terminal or lateral, solitary, in pairs, or in clusters, erect or 
recurved, sessile or pedunculate, borne near the apex of the 
axils of bud-scales. They are composed of many carpel-like 
scales, each in the axil of a small bract, and spirally arranged 
about a central axis. Each bract is rounded, obtuse, and 
bears on the inner surface near the base two, naked, inverted 
ovules. 
The fruit is a woody strobile called a cone, which matures 
the second or third year after flowering. The seeds are in 
pairs, attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner 
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