PINE FAMILY 
unlike those of the Red Pine, they are from three to five 
inches long borne in clusters of two, are a bright dark green, 
and appear tufted on the branches. ‘The cones are very like 
those of the Red Pine, ovate, two to three inches long, and 
the scales are destitute of prickles. 
SCOTCH PINE. SCOTCH FIR 
Pinus sylvéstris, 
The Scotch Pine or Fir as itis called in England is perfectly 
hardy throughout the north, where it is planted both as an 
ornamental tree in parks and as a windbreak on the prairies. 
It is a tree of wide distribution throughout Europe and Asia, 
and is in fact, the principal timber pine of the eastern con- 
tinent. But in the United States though beautiful when 
young, it is not long-lived, and succumbs to disease and in- 
sect enemies at the age of thirty or forty years. 
The leaves are in clusters of two, an inch and a half to two 
and a half in length, stout, rigid, slightly twisted, bluish or 
grayish green. The cones are ovate, from an inch to an inch 
and a quarter long and abundant on the tree. 
WHITE SPRUCE 
Picea canadénsis. Picea alba. 
A slender, conical, evergreen tree, usually sixty to seventy feet 
high, its greatest height one hundred and fifty feet. Resinous; foli- 
age ill-smelling. Ranges from Newfoundland to Hudson Bay and 
Alaska, southward to Maine, New York, and Michigan, west to 
South Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia. 
Bark.—Light grayish brown, separates into thin plate-like scales. 
Branchlets at first stout, pale gray green, smooth, during first winter 
orange brown, later become dark grayish brown, 
Wood.--Light yellow ; light, soft, weak, straight-grained, satiny 
surface. Used for construction, interior finish of houses, and wood 
pulp. 
Winter Buds.—Light chestnut brown, ovate, obtuse, one-eighth to 
one-fourth of an inch long. Branch-buds usually three. 
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