PINE FAMILY 
RED CEDAR. SAVIN 
Juniperus virginiana. 
Evergreen, varying from a shrub to a tree one hundred fc-c high, 
which is conical! when young but cylindrical or irregular in old age. 
Ranges from Nova Scotia south to Florida, westward to British Co- 
lumbia and east of the Rocky Mountains to Mexico. Tolerant of 
many soils and varied locations. Roots fibrous. 
Bark.—Light reddish brown, scaly or stringy. Branchlets slender 
and four-angled but after the disappearance of the leaves become 
terete and are covered with close, dark brown bark tinged with red 
or gray. 
Wood.—Bright red, fading with exposure to air, sapwood nearly 
white ; fragrant, light. soft, close-grained, weak, durable in contact 
with the soil. Largely used for posts, railway ties, interior finish of 
houses, chests and closets in which woollens are preserved against 
attack of moths, cabinet-making and lead pencils. Sp. gr., 0.4826; 
weight of cu. ft., 30.70 Ibs. 
Leaves.—Opposite, of two kinds; awl-shaped and loose, scale- 
shaped, appressed, imbricated, and crowded. The awl-shaped ap- 
pear on young plants and vigorous branches, are linear-lanceolate, 
long-pointed, light yellow green, one-half to three-fourths an inch 
long. The scale-shaped are closely appressed, acute, occasionally 
obtuse, rounded, often glandular in the back, entire, about one-six- 
teenth of an inch long, dark blue green, glaucous, turning brownish 
during the winter at the north, beginning in the third season to grow 
hard and woody and persisting two or three years longer on the 
branches. They are four-ranked, making the twig appear quad- 
rangular. 
Flowers.—April, May ; terminal on short axillary branches ; dice- 
cious rarely moncecious. Staminate flowers consist of four to six 
shield-like scales each bearing about four or five yellow pollen sacs. 
Pistillate lowers minute consisting of about three pairs of fleshy, 
oblong, bluish scales, united at base, and bearing two ovules. Scales 
are obliterated in the fruit. 
Frut,—Matures in first or second season. Lerry-like strobile, 
subglobose, one-third to one-fourth of an inch in diameter, pale 
green covered with white bloom, when fully grown, dark blue and 
glaucous at maturity; flesh sweet, resinous ; seeds two to three. 
The Ked Cedar grows throughout the United States. It 
reaches its largest size in the swamps and rich alluvial bot- 
tom lands of the southern and southwestern states, but in the 
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