142 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [No. 16. 
Castanopsis sempervirens (Kelloge) Dudley. Sierra Chinquapin. 
The distribution of the mountain chinquapin on Shasta is discon- 
tinuous. It is possible that two forms exist, one apparently restricted 
to the manzanita chaparral of the Transition zone from Sisson up to 
the lower edge of the Shasta fir pelt; the other to the scattered 
stretches of Pinus albicanlis of the Hudsonian zone, where it reaches 
timberline on the rocky slopes and ridges. 
Prof. William R. Dudley, of Stanford University, California, has, at 
my request, kindly looked up the proper name for the boreal Sierra 
chinquapin, which he finds to be sempervirens of Kellogg.! The type 
locality of sempervirens is the west slope of the Sierra near Mariposa. 
I have found the species abundant on a ridge near a stage station 
called Chinquapin, between Mariposa and the Yosemite, where it 
occurs with Pinus jeffreyi, P. lambertiana, Abies magnifica, Pseudotsuga 
mucronata, and Prunus emaryinata at and above an altitude of 6,200 
feet. The locality, therefore, is along the overlapping borderland 
between the Transition and Canadian zones, 
Professor Dudley tells me that the ‘var. minor’ Bentham is the small 
southern coast range form of the true coast chinquapin, Castunopsis 
chrysophylla, and that the type locality is the Santa Cruz Mountains. 
C. chrysophyla is a handsome tree 75 to 125 feet in height, with large 
leaves, ending in long, slender attenuate points; C. sempervirens is a 
bush with small and relatively bluntly rounded leaves. I found both 
species common on the Trinity Mountains: C. chrysophylla on the sunny 
lower slopes in the Transition zone; C. sempervirens on the cold summit 
in the lower edge of the Canadian zone, where it is associated with 
Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Cerusus emarginata, Ceanothus velutinus, the 
dwarf mountain form of Quercus chrysolepis,and the very distinct Q. 
vaccinifolia.” 
'Proc,. Calif. Acad. Sei., I, p. 75, 1855 (reprint). 
2 Quereus vaccinifolia Kelloge is another excellent species, usually confonnded 
with the dwarf mountain form of (). chrysolepis, with which it has nothing to do. 
Their zone relatious are much the same as those of the two species of Castanopsis, for 
Q. vaccinifolia occurs along the lower edge of the Boreal, and ranges up through the 
Canadian zone, always in rocky places, while (. chrysvlepis belongs to the Transition 
gouc. Their ranges join where these zones meet, and I have found both growing 
side hy side on the Trinity Mountains, and also on the Sierra. (Quereus chrysolepis 
is « Transition zone tree which at the upper limit of its range is always dwarfed 
and often reduced to a shrub; jut irrespective of size it always retains its charac- 
teristic leaves and acorn cups. (Quercus vaccinifolia is always a small bush—rarely 
much over a meter in height—and, whether in fruit or not, is distinguishable at a 
glance by the character of its leaves and cups. The leaves are smiller, narrower, 
thinner, and blunter (commonly narrowly oval with an obtuse point instead of 
sharply lanceolate) und lack the yellow tomentum underneath; furthermore, their 
margins, although somewhat thickened, are not distinctly revolute. The acorn cups 
are smaller and thinner, and lack the beautiful yellow ‘turban’ so characteristic of 
chrysolepis; the ucorns average shorter and thicker and the basal scarissmaller, The 
branchlets are much more slender, and glabrous or nearly so, instcad of tomentose. 
