2i8 Surgical Diseases and Surgery of the Dog 



the larger. The condition having once developed is Very liable 

 to recur. Thus, an animal may be said to suffer from a "uro- 

 lithic habit," but this depends, of course, upon the persistence of 

 the lithemia, which plays the principal role in calculous formation. 

 The clinical importance of urinary calculi depends upon the 

 portion of the tract at which they find lodgment. The practitioner 

 is principally concerned with those found in the bladder and 

 urethra. These will be considered under their respective headings.. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Antolne de Heyde — Cited by Leguen In ThSse. Faculte de MM. de Paris. 119, 1891. 

 Anton Nuck — Adenographla curiosa et uteri foemfnel anatome nova. Edit. Judg. Batav. 1692. 

 Ebstlen & Nlcolaler — Ue. d. experlm. Erzeugung von Harnstelnen. Wiesbaden. 1891. 

 Maksimow — Anwendungsrersuche t. Darmsaltenfaeden bel Blasenaht nach Eplcystotomle. St. 



Petersburg. 1876, p. 51. 

 Thomassen^Ann. de MM. V6t6r. 1893. 



Thomson — Langenbeck's Arehlv. t. kiln. Cblrnr. 41, p. 410. 

 Tuffier — Archly, de Phys Norm, et Path. 1893. 

 Znamensky — Langenbeck's Archly, f. kiln. Chlrar. 31, p. 149. 



The Kidneys 

 EXAMINATION. 



Surgical diseases of the kidney are diagnosed by examination 

 of the urine, by abdominal palpation, and by direct inspection and 

 exploration. Examination of the urine discloses changes in its 

 physical and chemical properties. The excretion may be increased 

 or decreased in quantity or altogether suppressed, or it may con- 

 tain blood, hemoglobin, albumen, pus cells, and glandular cells. 

 When blood originates in the kidney it generally becomes inti- 

 mately mixed with the urine by the time it is discharged, the flow 

 of urine exhibiting its presence from the outset, while when it 

 comes from the bladder it is usually seen towards the end of 

 micturition. 



Abdominal palpation with the fingers of both hands, the animal 

 being in the standing position, reveals alterations in the dimensions 

 and situation of the glands. 



Direct intraabdominal inspection and exploration by acupunc- 

 ture or aspiration are necessary to discover the presence and char- 

 acter of abnormal secretions. 



CALCULI. (See also Urolithiasis). 



Urolithic deposits occurring in the kidney are of minor im- 



