222 ■ Surgical Diseases and Surgery of the Dog 



nephrectomy or complete removal of the organ. Tapping of the 

 cyst can only be palliative, and it soon fills up again. In a case re- 

 corded by Almy^ where the cyst was believed to be tuberculous, 

 several successive tappings and iodine injections were employed 

 without avail. 



Pyonephrosis. This term is applied to the accumulation of 

 purulent matter within the kidney. It is always the result of in- 

 fectious processes derived from the blood or by extension along 

 the urinary tract. It may also result from traumatism. White 

 has recorded rupture of a pyonephrotic kidney. 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. The symptoms are obscure. Pro- 

 minent are anorexia and emaciation. Examination of the urine 

 discloses the presence of albumen, pus cells, epithelial debris and 

 cylinders. In other respects the symptoms resemble those of hydro- 

 nephrosis, and the same means should be adopted to establish the 

 diagnosis. 



Treatment. This is the same as for hydronephrosis. 



PARASITES. 



The giant Eustrongyle occurs in the kidney very commonly 

 in certain European countries. This parasite gradually destroys the 

 substance of the gland, and when nothing but the fibrous sac re- 

 mains tends to migrate, usually by the urinary tract. Previous 

 expulsion is exceptional. 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. Hematuria is the principal symp- 

 tom. This, together with coincident manifestation of nervous or 

 rabiform symptoms should lead to suspicion of the presence of the . 

 parasite. Explorative celiotomy is then in order. 



Treatment. This must be by nephrotomy and extraction of 

 the parasite, or nephrectomy, according to the degree of destruction 

 which the renal tissue has sustained. 



Surgery of the Kidney 



The kidney is reached by extraperitoneal or transperitoneal 

 celiotomy. By the former method the abdominal cavity is opened 

 in the lumbar region, by the latter, through the linea alba. 



In the extraperitoneal operation an oblique incision three to 

 five inches in length is made through the skin at the angular space 



