The Abdomen 233 



cases there may be pseudo-membranous formation and even gan- 

 grene, all the coats of the wall participating. In the chronic form 

 the mucosa is thickened and the muscular layers hypertrophied with 

 occasional formation of polypoid myxomatous growths. 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. Acute cystitis is characterized by 

 impeded, frequent, and painful micturition with intermittent slight 

 attacks o^ colic. The urine flows drop by drop and may finally be- 

 come entirely withheld, the animal dying of uremia. The urine is 

 always greatly modified, becoming neutral or ammoniacal, and 

 c'?)ntaining epithelial debris, leucocytes, mucus, albumen, and crys- 

 tals of ammoniO'-magnesium phosphate, and sometimes blood. The 

 head is carried low, the movements of the hindquarters are un- 

 certain, constipation is present, the appetite is diminished or sup- 

 pressed, thirst is intense, the temperature elevated, the pulse hard 

 and frequent and respiration accelerated, and finally reflex vomiting 

 may occur. Palpation reveals a distended and extremely sensitive 

 bladder. The prognosis should always be guarded. In chronic 

 cystitis catarrhal symptoms form the prominent feature. The urine 

 is purulent and signs of distress follow the act of micturition. The 

 sound should always be passed to ascertain the presence or absence 

 of calculi. 



Treatment. Disinfectant irrigation of the bladder is indicated, 

 a warm saturated boric acid solution containing a few drops of liquid 

 extract of belladonna being highly recommended. 



On account of the limited capacity of a portion of the urethra 

 in males by which ample irrigation is rendered impossible, Camardi 

 has successfully practiced and recommends that the urethra be 

 opened in the perineal region, a drainage tube inserted, and irriga- 

 tion carried out thereby morning and evening. 



If calculi are present they must be extracted. Internally, such 

 antiseptics as salol, urotropin and benzoate of soda which are elimi- 

 nated by the kidneys, may be given with beneficial effect. The diet 

 must be non-stimulating, all meats being withdrawn. 



CALCULI. (See also Urolithiasis). 



The urolithic deposits found in the bladder are of variable con- 

 formation, at times existing as small rounded concretions when they 

 are usually present in large numbers. Wesbitt counted one hundred 

 and ninety-four in one case, some of the stones being embedded in 



