The Abdomen 245 



BIBLIOOBAFHY. 



Bonrnay— Jonrn. de MM. Veter. 1892, p. 56T. 



Brenner — Langenbeck's archlT. f. kiln. Chlr. 35. 



Camardl — Glom. dl Anat. e Patol. degH anlmall. 1890, p. 327. 



Demeurisse — Kec. de M6d. V6t«r. 1892, p. 408. 



Fisher — Langenbeck's ArchlT. t. kiln. Chlr. 2T, p. 736. 



Frank — Journ. of Amer. Med. Assn. 1900, p. 1174. 



Gluck & Zeller— Langenbeck's Archive f. kiln. Chlr. 26, p. 916. 



Harrison — Amer. Veter. Rerlew. 1881, p. 862. 



Hobday — Journ. of Comp. Path, and Therap. 1809. 



Johne — Ber. ue. d. Veterlnaerw. Im Koenlgr. Sachsen. 1877-80, p. 35. 



Jnillard — Langenbeck's Archly, t.. kiln. Chlr. 31, p. 148. 



Eltt— Lehrb. d. Path. Anat. Dlagnos. 2. 



Ll€nanx— Ann. de MSd. Vet«r. 1894, p. 662. 



Makslmow — Anwendungsrersuche von Darmsaltenfaeden bel Blasennaht nach Eplcystotomle. 



St. Petersburg. 1876, p. 57. 

 Malzew — Arch. Vetfir. de Petersburg. 1895, p. 238. 

 Petit & Almy— BuU. de la Soc. Anat. de Paris. 1900. 

 Rodloff— Gurit & Hertwlg. 18, p. 212. 

 RonvlUe — Oomptes rendtts de la Soc. de Biol. 1899, p. 646. 

 Schnlz— Monatsta. f. prakt. Thlerhellk. 1892-93, p. 506. 



Sledamgrotzky — Ber. ue. d. Veterlnaerw. Im Koenlgr. Sachsen. 1871, p. 73. 1897, p. 43. 

 Slmonds— Proc. of Vet. Assn. 1840-41, p. 57. 

 Sutton— III. Med. News. 1889. p. 11. 



Thompson — Langenbeck's ArchlT. f. kiln. Chlr. 41, p. 410. 

 Tlzzonl & Poggi — Rlcostruzlone della Teslca orlnarla Bologna. 1891. 

 Varaldl— Mod. Zoo]. 1893, p. 321. 

 Vincent— Key. de Chlr. 1881, p. 556. 

 Wehr — Langenbeck's ArchlT. f. kiln. Chlr. 30, p. 226. 

 Wesbltt-rAmer. Vet. ReTlew. 1894. 

 Znamensky — Langenbeck's ArchlT. t. kiln, Chlr. 31, p. 148. 



The Urethra 



EXAMINATION. 



The urethra is examined by palpation over its course and by 

 passage of the sound or catheter. 



CONGENITAL MALFORIVEATIONS. 



Congenital occlusion of the urethral canal is occasionally met 

 with both in males and females. Usually an orifice exists at some 

 part of the tract higher up and the animal suffers no inconvenience. 

 The term Epispadias is applied to the condition where the urethral 

 orifice is situated at the root of the penis, and the term Hypospadias 

 when it occupies a more distal and ventral position on the organ. 

 Both Kitt and Raynard mention having observed these abnormali- 

 ties. 



Sometimes the primitive cloaca persists. Veraldi recorded a case 

 in which the urethra, one inch from the neck of the bladder, formed 

 a junction with the rectum an inch and a half above the anus. The 

 animal had never urinated by the natural channel. 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. An animal born with occluded ure- 

 thral canal may go several days and even weeks before exhibiting 



