334 Surgical Diseases and Surgery of the Dog 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. Where no displacement exists there 

 are no significant symptoms. There may be crepitation during 

 respiratory movements. 



Treatment. If the fragments are in apposition the animal 

 should be maintained at rest until consolidation is effected. If 

 displacement is evident it may usually be reduced by simple manipu- 

 lation. 



The Bibs. These bones are more often fractured than those 

 of the vertebral column. One or more may be broken, but 

 unless this takes place simultaneously there is not necessarily much, 

 if any, displacement. The prognosis is favorable provided pleuritis 

 or pneumonia do not supervene. Laceration of lung tissue may 

 occur when the violence is great. 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. Displacement is recognized by ele- 

 vation or depression at the seat of fracture and local pain. Cellular 

 emphysema will be present, and may extend over a large area, when 

 the lung tissue is wounded. Crepitus is not always distinguished, 

 but its presence is best determined by auscultation immediately over 

 the area. The affected side of the thorax may be held rigid. 



Treatment. This fracture is treated by securing immobiliza- 

 tion of the chest by means of broad bjmdages tightly applied. Re- 

 covery is the rule. 



The Scapula. The scapula sustains fractures mostly in 

 the vicinity of the head and neck. As a rule, there is very little 

 displacement. Separation of epiphyses is not uncommon in puppies. 



Symptoms and Diagnosis. The entire leg hangs loosely with 

 the phalanges dragging on the ground, . leading to considerable 

 abrasion of the latter. ... 



Treatment. In my own practice I have often left these frac- 

 tures to Nature, in nearly every case with favorable result. Where 

 there is much overriding or tendency to pseudarthrodic formation 

 it is advisable to undertake internal splinting or wiring of the frac- 

 tured extremities; German practitioners apply a saddle-bandage 

 which is well-padded and made to pass over the shoulder. English 

 veterinarians apply a plaster consisting of a mixture of resin one 

 part, Venice turpentine three parts, and burgundy pitch five parts, 

 put on with a spatula while hot. The exterior is covered with some 

 material to prevent it sticking to other objects. 



The Humerus. According to Froehner, this bone sustains 



