296 MALDANIDJE. 



Arwidsson 1 (1907) in which he uses the general form of the body, head-plate, nuchal 

 organs, bristles and rows of hooks, the presence of spines anteriorly, the nature of the 

 collar, the arrangement of the glands, and other features to separate the species. The 

 arrangement of this author has, as a rule, been followed, though the sub-families have 

 been thought unnecessary in the present case. 



Arwidsson (1907) also gave an account with good figures of the epiderra, including in 

 the term the hypoderm of a Maid an id. 



An interesting memoir with two plates on Maldanids of the North and East Seas by 

 Dr. William Nolte 2 has recently appeared. The author gives an historical account of the 

 family from 0. F. Midler's period (1788) to Arwidsson's, indicates the material procured 

 by the ' Poseidon,' and treats it faunistically and anatomically. He describes eleven 

 species, all known forms. 



The Maldanidse, as a rule, haunt the fissures of rocks, or the littoral region at low 

 water 3 where their tubes may form a miniature forest. Others live on a muddy bottom, 

 amidst Foraminiferous and Radiolarian deposits, and may be found at a depth of 2300 

 fathoms as in the ' Challenger.' They are cosmopolitan in distribution. Their colours 

 are usually bright, and bands of red and white, or brown are common. 



The representatives of the Maldanidas are met with but seldom in British waters, 

 and in the majority of instances only fragments are secured, often of the middle of the 

 body, sometimes of the head or the caudal funnel. Thus the task of identifying the 

 species requires an expenditure of time which is not always commensurate with 

 the results ; and even after considerable attention to the family a feeling remains that 

 much more yet requires to be done for their complete elucidation. A basis for future 

 faunistic researches, however, has been sketched. 



Young Arenicolids have sometimes been mistaken for other forms, and supposed to 

 be intermediate types between the Arenicolidse and Maldanida3. 3 The genus Clymmides, 

 for example, consists only of young Arenicolids. Branchiomaldane vincenti, supposed by 

 Fauvel and others to be in the same category, is, however, as shown by Langerhans and 

 Ashworth, an adult, hermaphrodite form. 



Besides the parasitic forms mentioned in connection with the several species, two 

 are recorded on other examples of the family not specifically identified, viz. a Trematode 

 — Gyclatella annelidicola, as described by Van Beneden and Hesse, 4 which, however, M. 

 Prouho 5 states to be a Loxosoma, and a Copepod, Hevsilionides Pelseneeri (Antheria 

 latericia, Grrube) reported by McCann 6 as a commensal in the tube of Clymene Inmbri- 

 coides, De Quatrefages. 



Several species found by De Quatrefages and De St. Joseph on the shores of France, 

 and the descriptions and figures of which do not lead to certainty, may yet occur on the 

 British shores, or are identical with those found there. Amongst these are Clymene 

 lumhricoides, De Quatrefages, and Petaloproctus terricola, De Quatrefages. 



1 'Zool. Jahrb./ Suppl. ix, Heffc 1, p. 4. 



2 ( Jahr. Wissenschaft. Meeresuntersuch/ n p., Bd. xv, pp. 1 — 91, Taf. i and ii, 1913. 



3 Cf. Mesnil, 'Bull. Sc. France et Belg./ t. xxx, p. 144, pi. vi, and idem, ibid., t. xxxii, p. 317. 



4 'Recherches sur les Bdellodes et Trematodes Marins Bruxelles/ p. 82, pi. vii, figs. 12 — 13. 



5 < Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc./ Paris, t. cxi, p. 799, 1890. 



6 ' Bull. sc. France et Belg./ t. xix, p. 421, 1888. 



