22 BARNES AND McDUNNOUGH: CATOCALA 



In 1913, as a result of breeding, we ventured the assertion that verecunda was merely a variety of faustina; as a result 

 of further breeding experiments in 1914, in which each batch of ova from known females was kept separate, we have come 

 to the conclusion that this was a mistake and that we have in verecunda a valid species with diantha as a dark variety. 

 Ova of both verecunda and diantha hatch from one to two weeks earlier than those of faustina and the period of hatching is 

 not very extended, occupying scarcely more than a week, while in faustina ova from a single female may hatch singly and 

 in small numbers for a period of more than a month. We were uniformly successful in bringing larvge of verecunda and 

 diantha to pupation, but failed notably with faustina and its forms, although using the same food-plant. Most larvae 

 died before reaching the third stage, but we were finally successful in bringing a few larvae to maturity; these proved to 

 be distinct in the later stages from those of verecunda, although closely related. 



The species is distinctly a Rocky Mountain form. The type series came from Montana and the species is common 

 throughout Colorado and Utah, west of the divide; it has also been taken in the canyons near Denver and in this region 

 is found together with luciana, with which it is liable to be confused. Southward it extends into New Mexico and Arizona 

 and in the north it has been recorded from Cartwright, Manitoba (1917, Can. Ent., XLIX, p. 90). 



Catocala irene Behr 



Plate IV, figs. 9-13; PL XIII, fig. 13 (larva); PL XV, fig. 21 (larval head); PL XVI, figs. 6 and 

 18 (segments); PL XX, figs. 7 and 8 (claspers). 



Catocala irene Behr, 1870, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, III, p. 24. Hy. Edwards, 1875, Pacific Coast Lep., XIV, p. 5. Barnes and 



McDunnough, 1913, Psyche, XX, p. 202 (larva). 

 Catocala irene var. virgilia Hy. Edwards, 1880, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, III, p. 56. 

 Catocala irene var. volumnia Hy. Edwards, 1880, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, III, p. 56. 

 Catocala irene var. Valeria Hy. Edwards, 1880, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc, III, p. 56. 



According to Hy. Edwards, who had opportunities of examining the type specimen (since destroyed) the typical form is 

 the one with rather even brown primaries, such as is figured on plate IV, figures 9 and 10; a specimen of this form, marked 

 "true to type," exists in the Hy. Edwards' Collection in The American Museum of Natural History, New York. The 

 form virgilia (Fig. 11), which occurs along with the type form, is strongly suffused with black-brown on the primaries 

 and the rarer form volumnia (Fig. 12) is much paler, with white shades preceding and following the reniform and defining 

 outwardly the t. p. line. Figure 13 depicts a very brilliant female specimen from Los Angeles; we have other similar ones 

 before us from San Diego County and it is possible that these may be closer to the typical form, described from Fort Tejon, 

 San Bernardino County, California, than those identified as such by Henry Edwards, whose material came largely from 

 Mendocino County, California, a much more northern locality. Specimens frequently occur with a diffuse dark basal 

 streak, at times extending almost the entire length of the submedian fold. 



The form Valeria Hy. Edwards (Fig. 10) represents a good geographical race occurring in the western Rocky Mountain 

 region from Utah to Arizona; it is characterized by the pale even brown color of the primaries and the narrow black median 

 band of secondaries. 



The larva of the more typical Californian forms has never been bred and, nntil this is done, knowledge concerning the 

 relationship between the forms remains unsatisfactory; in the case of volumnia, we may be dealing with a race or even a 

 good spec.es. Our own larval notes were drawn up from material of the race Valeria from Provo, Utah 



The species extends through California from Mendocino County to San Diego County, 'it probably will be found 

 at considerable altitudes in the Sierras, as we have specimens before us of a rather paler, smaller form from the vicinity 

 of Truckee. Beutenmuller records the variety volumnia from Cartwright, Manitoba, but this needs verification; as 

 already stated, the race Valeria is found in the Rocky Mountains of Utah and Arizona. 



Catocala allusa Hulst 



Plate V, fig. 15; PI. XX, figs. 9 and 10 (claspers). 



Catocala allusa Hulst, 1884, Bull. Brooklyn Enf Sop vtt ^ ak t? 



Catocala frenchii Pol^g, 1901, Can. Ent!, X^S P- X Beotenm ™> 1907, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIII, p. 147. 



The figure given (PI. V, fig. 15) is not very satisfactory; the specimen figured is smaller than usual and shows none 



