320 VETEEINAEY HYGIENE 



concrete layer under the tiled floor. (3) Scrupulous cleanli- 

 ness, which depends upon the facilities for excluding dust, 

 the shape and character of the shelves, and the personal 

 equation of the attendants. 



Close to but quite distinct from the dairy buildings is the 

 cow-shed, byre, or shippon, the size of which depends upon 

 the number of cows to be accommodated. 



Cmv-houses. 



The cow-shed should conform in general structure to 

 the buildings described for horses. The walls must be 

 dry, plastered for at least half their height, and white- 

 washed throughout. 



Lighting. — The lighting must be complete, the dark cow- 

 shed of days gone by can no longer be permitted. Without 

 good lighting it is impossible to carefully inspect the cows, 

 equally impossible to see that sanitation is carried out, 

 and that the cows are clean especially as regards their 

 udders. 



This lighting may be from above, or both from above 

 and by means of windows. We advocate both, the windows 

 are required for ventilation as well as lighting, and lighting 

 from above, which is recommended by some, does not 

 necessarily facilitate ventilation. 



Ventilation. — The requirements of the cow in fresh air 

 are theoretically the same as a horse, but we hesitate until 

 cow-houses are artificially warmed, to recommend the same 

 inlet area as has been recommended in the case of horses, 

 firstly because the conditions under which the animal is 

 living are absolutely artificial, and secondly the lowered 

 temperature in winter would affect the output of milk. The 

 hesitation expressed on this point need not interfere with 

 the construction of windows, which may if necessary be 

 double, should a large window area be in danger of reducing 

 the temperature too low. The windows should be of the 

 Sheringham variety, and the theoretical inlet area depends, 

 as we have seen in the case of horses, on the velocity of the 



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