HABITATIONS 325 



and is tied up by a short attachment in the centre of the 

 stall, and not to one side as at present, the whole of her 

 excreta can be secured by two surface channels behind the 

 standing, one on which the faeces fall being two feet in 

 width, while a urine channel one foot wide runs side by 

 side with the channel for the faeces, and collects the whole 

 of the fluid excreta. This matter will be dealt with pre- 

 sently, and again in the chapter dealing with drainage. 



Every cow should have her own stall, and not be com- 

 pelled to breathe the expired air of her neighbour.* 



The stall fittings should be iron, as being not only more 

 sanitary, but more easily and thoroughly cleaned and 

 disinfected if required (Fig. 129). 



The Manger should be placed a little above the ground, 

 enamelled iron throughout, and containing at one side a 

 vessel for water. Cows are frequently insufficiently watered, 

 under the impression they do not require much. Every drop 

 of the fluid part of the milk represents a loss of fluid to the 

 body, and requires to be replaced. "Water should always, if 

 possible, be kept by them. 



Tying up Method. — The general arrangement for tying 

 up is a strap round the neck, with about 16 inches of chain 

 attached to a vertical bar in the stall partition. 



If a single stall be used as recommended, the method 

 of tying up would be a ring attached to the manger, 

 with sufficient length of chain to enable the animal to 

 freely rise. This length of chain would not permit the 

 hay to be taken from an overhead rack, such as is issued 

 with some cow-house fittings ; but, as in the case of horses, 

 the hay should not be overhead, but below. Further, it 

 should all be chopped, so that no special hay-rack is 

 required. Stall fittings must be so arranged that in the 

 absence of a hay-rack an animal cannot get forward in the 

 stall. To prevent this bars should exist arranged horizon- 



* At one time cows were secured by the head in a kind of pillory, 

 lateral movement was impossible, the only motion permitted was one 

 up and down. With this contrivance no stall divisions were used, and 

 the cows were packed in closely side by side. 



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