326 VETEEINAEY HYGIENE 



tally, otherwise the cow will get forward in the stall and 

 soil it with excreta, which subsequently finds its way on to 

 the quarters and udder. 



Flooring. — The floor of the cow-house should be of 

 concrete covered with cement. The actual standing space 

 of 5-J feet by 4 feet should be level, but behind this the 

 floor may slope to the drain, or better still, as recommended 

 by Lloyd, there should be a drop of 4 inches into a 2-foot 

 channel for the reception of faeces, and another drop of 

 1 inch into a 1-foot channel for urine (see Pig. 131). 



The standing may be made of Staffordshire brick, cement, 

 or asphalt ; wooden blocks and ordinary bricks, such as have 

 been recommended, are absorbent and insanitary. 



It is not our intention here to do more than refer to the 

 floor, as the subject of flooring, as we have previously 

 indicated, will be considered separately under drainage. 



Position of Stalls. — The question of labour is a very 

 important one on the farm, and anything which can reduce 

 it to a minimum is desirable. The most laborious operation 

 in connection with cattle is feeding them. Their require- 

 ments are large and bulky, and experience shows that, in 

 order to economise time and labour in the distribution of 

 food, a tramway system for delivering the food is necessary. 



If there is a double row of stalls with heads away from 

 the wall the tramway should run down a centre passage. 

 If a single row of stalls the line should run between the 

 wall, towards which the heads are turned, and the fittings. 

 In other words, the feeding is done from the front. The 

 question of the arrangement of the stalls in a byre is, 

 therefore, greatly influenced by the question of the facility 

 for distributing food. It is easier to feed two rows with 

 their heads towards a central passage than two rows with 

 their heads towards the outside walls. 



The best form of ground-plan, where labour has to be 

 considered, is for the cattle to look, in two rows, towards a 

 passage running down the centre of the building (Fig. 130). 

 This passage should not be less than 6 feet in width. Behind 

 the cattle, between them and the wall, should be another 

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