HABITATIONS 



337 



than avoiding the diarrhcea to which they are liable as the 

 result of their filthy surroundings. Peat moss litter is 

 recommended for their use so as to absorb the urine, while 

 the greatest cleanliness in the surroundings is strictly 

 enjoined. This valuable communication from the pen of a 

 layman emphasizes in every way greater attention being 

 paid to the hygiene of the farm. 



The yard attached to the pen enables the young animals 

 to get fresh air and exercise, both of which are essential to 

 their future welfare : Murray's recommendations are seen 

 in Fig. 137. It should be noted that the flooring of the pen 

 and yard must be prepared with concrete, to prevent the 

 ground being soiled. 



If, on the other hand, the calves are intended for the 



Fig. 137. — Calf-pen and yard. 



butcher, they are housed if possible in separate pens which 

 are kept dark, the whole object being to render the animal 

 fit for food in a few weeks. 



Keturning to a consideration of the homestead, in 

 addition to the calf-house there must be accommodation 

 for yearling calves and' in-calf heifers. This may be met 

 by stalls, which appears to be a preferable system to boxes, 

 especially for the latter. 



Bull Boa;.— Accommodation may be required for a bull. 

 This is supplied by the erection of a box which must be 

 both well lighted and ventilated; the superficial area of 

 this should be 14 feet by 13 feet, affording 182 square feet, 



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