366 VETEEINARY HYGIENE 



Surface-drainage of cowsheds should be insisted upon 

 under the powers given to Local Authorities by the Dairies, 

 Cow-shedSj and Milk-shops Order. Not only must the 

 drainage be surface, but no traps of any kind are allowed 

 in the building. It is to be regretted that all Local 

 Authorities do not avail themselves of the powers they 

 possess under this Order, but they are frequently interested 

 parties, either as landlords or tenants, and naturally do not 

 encourage the expense. 



The surface drain of a cow-shed is frequently a gutter 

 18 inches wide running immediately behind the animals, 

 and of a depth of 6 inches (see Eig. 132). It is made of this 

 shape to ensure the collection of all liquid, and as much 

 solid material as possible. Eig. 131 shows the most approved 

 system, the drain being wider and shallower than that 

 just mentioned. Whatever plan is adopted the channel is 

 cemented from end to end, and passes out of the cow-house, 

 at 12 feet from which it may empty either into a trapped 

 drain or into a cemented receptacle (Fig. 130, t), from which 

 the contents are removed by a liquid manure cart and taken 

 to the general tank. 



The system adopted outside the building must depend upon 

 the type of drainage in existence, and the matter will be re- 

 ferred to again in describing the subsoil drainage of farms. 



Underground or sidisoil drains for use in a stable are to 

 be condemned, but as people insist on having them it is 

 desirable to consider how they can be best employed with- 

 out creating a nuisance. Before this subject can be dealt 

 with, it is necessary to discuss the appliances used in 

 subsoil drainage, viz., pipes and their accessories. 



Pi2:)es and Drains. — Pipes are made of stoneware, and 

 are salt- or glass-glazed to render them impervious. They 

 are circular in section, and vary in diameter from 2 to 36 

 inches ; while in length they are about 2 feet. Each pipe 

 has one end provided with a collar or socket, into which is 

 adjusted the spigot end of the preceding pipe ; it is a rule 

 that the collar end of a pipe points towards the head of the 

 drain, and not towards the outlet. 



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