CAEE AND MANAGEMENT OF ANIMALS 747 



cases the needful rest, it is essential that horses so affected 

 should be placed in slings every night, by -which means 

 they may ■work for years. 



Ventilation. — The ventilation of the stable should not be 

 under the control of the groom, but be regulated by the 

 intelligence of the owner. A thermometer should form part 

 of the equipment of every stable, and one should also exist 

 in a protected part of the yard. A comparison between 

 the two should be made twice a day. The greater the 

 difference in the temperature of the two places, the greater 

 the air impurity in stables which are naturally ventilated 

 (p. 64). To maintain a stable at 60° F. throughout the 

 winter, where only natural ventilation is employed, means 

 that the air of the building has to be heated by the hot ex- 

 pired air from the lungs, which is an insanitary proceeding. 

 Horses are never so healthy in winter as when living 

 in an atmosphere only a degree or two above the tempera- 

 ture of the outside air ; this difference should never exceed 

 ten degrees, preferably five, and far better two. In practice 

 it is frequently twenty-five or thirty degrees higher, and 

 nearly all of this is produced by heated expired air. For 

 the practical application of ventilation, see p. 62; the main 

 point to insist on here is that draught is harmful, a cold 

 stream of air is dangerous ; in practice it would be far safer 

 and better for the animal to live in an open yard with a free 

 current of air all round, than to have a draught blowing 

 on him for hours. 



Watering and Feeding. — The hours of watering and feed- 

 ing should be regularly maintained, feeding should be at 

 least four times a day, and watering as often in the summer, 

 and three times daily in winter. 



Eegularity in watering and feeding are points of the 

 greatest hygienic importance, and the work of the animals 

 should be so regulated that as little interference occurs to 

 this as possible. Long hours of fasting should be avoided, 

 it is a common cause of colic. We do not attempt to lay 

 down the exact hours of feeding as so much depends upon 

 the class of horse and the work performed, but a morning, 



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