CAEE AND MANAGEMENT OF ANIMALS 821 



needful immunity. A change of girth to something softer 

 may also be tried, a string or hide girth gains a better grip 

 on the skin than the ordinary web girth, and so produces 

 less friction. 



For keeping the saddle in its place with a thick shouldered 

 or a big-barrelled horse, the arrangement used in the army, 

 described in the work previously mentioned, may be used ; 

 it is unsightly for a private horse, but the man who rides 

 a horse that ought to wear a collar may not consider this 

 any objection. 



Stuffing Saddles. — The only stuffing for pannels worth any 

 consideration is curled horsehair ; this is elastic, and has 

 a spring that nothing else can give. In course of time 

 the stuffing settles down and takes the impression of the 

 horse's back. This should never be unnecessarily dis- 

 turbed ; it means the weight is evenly distributed, and such 

 pannels may be in use a very long time before the stuffing 

 becomes so compressed as to bring the tree too near the 

 back. 



There are many other pannels which could be worn, for 

 instance felt, but the most generally useful is horsehair. 

 We have known pneumatic pannels tried, but there 

 appeared to be a prejudice against them. They are 

 ideal in theory, and some day Httle else may be seen. 



Haeness. 



Collars. — We have previously studied the movements of 

 the shoulders during progression and described their back- 

 ward and forward motion. It is this movement which 

 influences the fit of a collar and the injury produced. 

 In a state of rest the collar is bearing on two parallel sur- 

 faces, viz., both shoulders ; during movement it is resting 

 on an oblique surface as one scapula is passing backwards 

 while the other is going forwards. It is this movement 

 which causes so much oscillation in a collar, and it is this 

 lateral movement which is largely responsible for collar 

 injuries. 



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