CAEE AND MANAGEMENT OF ANIMALS 831 



of accomplishing this we have mentioned above. It is 

 obvious that the friction between the wheel and an un- 

 greased axle is a most serious source of loss of power, and 

 moreover an act of cruelty. The introduction of springs 

 into waggons is another method of saving the strength of 

 animals, for springs reduce the force of traction by about 

 one-fourth to one-sixth. Springs in the traces are some- 

 times used, but these are only for the purpose of saving 

 the shoulders. 



SUCTION II.~GATTLE, SHEEP, PIGS AND DOGS. 



CATTLE. 



Cattle are kept for two specific purposes, viz., either the 

 production of flesh or of milk. Both of these are so inti- 

 mately mixed up with the question of feeding, that some 

 repetition of this subject is unavoidable. As the successful 

 management of cattle depends upon a good system being 

 adopted and strictly followed, it will facilitate our study of 

 this question by considering— (1) the management of the 

 calf, (2) the management of the cow, (3) feeding and 

 management of cattle kept for feeding and breeding.* 



Management of Calves. 



Whether the calf-rearing industry should exist on a 

 larger scale than it does at present, is an agricultural 



* In the preparation of this section we have drawn our information 

 from the most reliable sources : ' The Complete Grazier,' by Dr. Fream ; 

 ' Stephens' Book of the Farm,' Mr. J. Macdonald; 'Cattle, Breeds and 

 Management,' Live-Stock Handbook, Mr. W. Housman. Many papers 

 in the Journal of the Boyal Agricultural Society of England, especi- 

 ally that in vol. v., 3rd Series, on the ' Management of Aberdeen Angus 

 Cattle,' by Mr. C. Stephenson, F.R.C.V.S.,and others previously quoted 

 in these pages. In connection with this Section the remarks on the 

 Production of Fat, p. 121 ; Feeding of Cattle, p. 123 ; Feeding of 

 Sheep, p. 131 ; Feeding of Milch Cows, p. 133 ; Feeding of Calves, 

 p. 137 ; and Feeding of Pigs, p. 132, should also be consulted. 



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