834 VBTEEINARY HYGIENE 



weeks to six quarts daily during the sixth week of life. 

 These are the minimum amounts which should be given 

 daily, whether pure milk or skim milk with substitutes be 

 used. 



But it is most essential to watch the animals and be 

 certain that they are not overdone ; an error on the other 

 side is preferable. They should neither suck nor drink to 

 repletion ; at the same time there must be no loss of 

 condition. When the milk substitutes are employed they 

 should be slowly and carefully introduced, gradually drop- 

 ping the whole milk until skim milk and substitutes are 

 tolerated by the stomach. 



The following milk substitutes are taken from Fream.* 



For the first four weeks a mixture of new and skim milk ; after this 

 strong water-gruel, consisting of equal parts of bean or oat-meal, mixed 

 with one-half of butter milk, carefully stirred with the gruel after the 

 latter is cooked. 



Three parts of milk and one of hay tea, gradually increasing the 

 proportion of hay tea. 



Hay tea with finely powdered linseed cake, the latter being boiled in 

 the hay tea to the consistence of a jelly ; no milk given. 



A porridge made of wheat-flour, boiling water, and skim milk. 



Three quarts of hnseed meal, four quarts of bean meal, thirty quarts 

 of boiling water, cover up for 24 hours ; then add thirty-one quarts of 

 boiling water, virhich is poured in slowly, stir well and boil for half an 

 hour. This is given blood warm with an equal proportion of new milk, 

 increasing the substitute to two-thirds as the calf gets older ; after a 

 month skim millv takes the place of new, and after six weeks the 

 mucilage is given alone. 



Two-thirds oatmeal, one-third crushed linseed made into a porridge, 

 and mixed hot with skim milk. 



Half a pint of linseed meal scalded and added to one quart of skim 

 milk. 



Linseed cake finely ground seven pounds, mixed meal (equal parts of 

 wheat, barley, oat, and bean meal) seven pounds, hay tea two gallons, 

 hot water four gallons. 



Probably the best artificial milk for calves consists of separated milk 



* Op. cit. 



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