CAEE AND MANAGEMENT OF ANIMALS 885 



to which linseed meal or oatmeal is added to take the place of the 

 cream. The milk is separated at once, and in consequence of this its 

 temperature falls, which must be raised before administration. 



All pails and vessels used in the process of preparing 

 milk substitutes, must be kept scrupulously clean or trouble 

 will follow. In the above milk substitutes it must be 

 understood that all of them are raised to blood-heat before 

 being given. 



We have previously referred (p. 334) to the admirable 

 article on the rearing of calves by Eev. John Gillespie, in 

 which he gives to farmers the most excellent advice in 

 connection with artificial feeding : 



' Where paU feeding is followed, the person in charge must be 

 thoroughly reliable and very painstaking. The food must be given 

 with very scrupulous care and regularity ; this is important when 

 nothing but the natural food of new mills: is being given, but where the 

 milk is supplemented by other articles, and a mixed diet given, care 

 and attention at every stage are of exceptional moment. If the 

 ingredients are not used in the proper proportions, or the constituents 

 are not evenly mixed ; if the right quantity is not given to each calf, 

 or at the proper temperature — when some or all these important 

 conditions are not complied with, and especially when all of them are 

 neglected, the result cannot but be unsatisfactory.' 



At a month old the calf may receive a little hay, finely 

 shred roots, and cake in powder, given in two meals a day, 

 still continuing with the milk, or its equivalent, until the 

 amount of fluid consumed at two months old amounts to 

 two gallons daily. 



It is during the first three weeks of life that especial care 

 must be exercised in the feeding of calves ; irregular feeding, 

 long fasts, or an excessive allowance are the points to guard 

 against, while cleanliness in the matter of food and sur- 

 roundings is imperative. 



When the matter of taking a little solid food is firmly 

 established, the amount of milk or substitute may be 

 gradually reduced, say from two months onwards, so that 

 by the third month the process of ' weaning ' may be 

 begun. 



The natural method of suckling is adopted in all pure 



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