CAEE AND MANAGEMENT OF ANIMALS 837 



some, but on no account should this be met by anything 

 but firmness. In the course of a few days they surrender 

 their freedom and learn to stand quietly. 



In modern fittings the head stall is attached to a swivelled 

 chain which slides up and down on a vertical bar. In 

 Scotland a ' seal ' is used, consisting of a chain which 

 passes around the animal's neck, and connected with another 

 chain, at the end of which is a ring which slides up and 

 down a stake placed at an angle. This method leaves the 

 animal perfectly free to lick itself, and is very secure. 



The next lesson imparted in the case of bull calves 

 intended for exhibition is to teach them to lead and turn 

 to either hand ; this is also quickly learned and never 

 forgotten. 



At the same time the young animal should be taught to 

 have its feet lifted and held up, so that later on no trouble 

 is experienced when these have to be examined for disease 

 or injury, or require reducing for overgrowth. This educa- 

 tion is of the greatest importance in after life. 



The castration of calves not intended to be kept is best 

 carried out when a few weeks old. 



Those to be reared as bulls are brought up on a more 

 liberal diet ; they are not removed from their dams for six 

 or eight months, their subsequent diet is richer and more 

 forcing, and with it they should have exercise and fresh 

 air. They should be handled, groomed, and whatever 

 building they are in should be freely ventilated. These 

 bulls must be taught to walk, which is one of the essentials 

 of success in the show ring. 



As a preventive of quarter-evil most calves are setoned in 

 the dewlap in the spring or autumn. Nothing is known of 

 how this acts, but the idea is deeply rooted, and the opera- 

 tion may be beneficial ; see also p. 591. 



Before the bulls are a year old the usual ring should be 

 inserted in the nose, but must not be used until the wound 

 has perfectly healed. If previously handled the leading is 

 only a matter of routine. Nothing should be done to upset 

 the animal in the leading lesson ; he should be soothed and 



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