TEANSPOET BY SEA AND LAND 915 



not, as previously described, rest directly on the deck, but 

 has some longitudinal battens which raise it sufficiently to 

 allow the urine, which passes between spaces in the platform, 

 to run away towards the sides of the vessel, and thence to 

 a narrow pipe which conveys the urine to the bilge. As 

 the narrow pipe is generally plugged with manure, the 

 lowest point of the deck has frequently a shallow pond of 

 urine which runs from side to side or front to rear depend- 

 ing on the motion of the vessel. In other words the waste 

 pipes to the bilge are not large enough. 



It would be far better to allow the drainage from all 

 decks above water - level to pass directly over the side 

 through a flap valve, and use the bilge entirely for the 

 drainage of the lower decks. Instead of passing the urine 

 into the bilge, it might be emptied into special urine tanks 

 under the lower deck, and be pumped out daily. 



The method of disposal of the solid excreta on an 

 ordinary ship is to leave it under the animals until the 

 voyage is over. Anything more filthy cannot be imagined ; 

 as it accumulates behind the horse he is pushed up higher 

 and higher, until his hind quarters are several inches above 

 his forehand. The condition of the feet steeped in this fer- 

 mentable poultice can be imagined, while the stench when 

 the mass is disturbed is intolerable. 



We do not wish to see a passage behind the horses for 

 cleaning out the stalls, it is not necessary, and if put in 

 takes off from the width of the gangway which is an abso- 

 lute essential. Stalls can be cleaned out by removing a 

 horse, clearing out the stall, putting the next horse into it, 

 and so on throughout the length of the deck. If a spare 

 stall is left between every group of ten horses, the whole 

 thing is absolute simplicity. The dung is collected in 

 baskets and thrown overboard. 



There is not the slightest reason why the hose should 



not be turned on to the stalls daily after cleaning out ; it 



would flush the stalls, and do the horse's legs and feet good. 



Water.— The water for horses on board ship is generally 



carried in iron tanks, which if shaken up with weather 



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