CALCULI IN THE BOWELS— WORMS. 307 



other specimens, cut in sections to show the nuclei ; he will ob- 

 serve that calculi also form in the intestines of the camel and of 

 the elephant, and even in the wild horse, for there is a good speci- 

 men from the intestines of a Japanese wild horse. Stones, not 

 true calculi, are sometimes found in animals, which have been 

 actually swallowed by them, and have not been chemically formed 

 in this walking laboratory. There is a case containing several 

 pebbles — thirty in number — found in the stomach of a cow at 

 Barton-under-Needwood, Burton-on-Trent. These stones belong 

 to the geological formation of the neighborhood ; it is curious to 

 see how they have been acted on by the action of the stomach, foi 

 they are highly glazed and polished. I have seen specimens of 

 gravel pebbles which I took from the gizzard of an ostrich, which 

 are as highly polished as an agate marble. The bird swallowed 

 the stones to assist its digestion ; the cow out of a morbid appe- 

 tite. I know of a somewhat similar instance that lately happened : 

 A young lady was taken ill, and died of very strange symptoms ; 

 it was subsequently ascertained that the stomach was quite filled 

 with human hair, which had moulded itself into the shape of the 

 interior of that organ. The poor girl had naturally very long and 

 beautiful hair, and she had an unfortunate habit of catching the 

 loose hairs with her lips and swallowing them ; in time they felted 

 together, became a solid mass, and killed her — a warning to other 

 young ladies which should not be neglected. In the lower animals 

 we frequently find rolled balls of hair from the creatures licking 

 themselves. I have seen one at Bristol from a lioness ; it is formed 

 of hairs licked with her rough tongue from her cubs. Curious 

 concretions are found in goats, &c, called ' bezoar' stones ; they 

 were formerly supposed to have medicinal virtues : of this at an- 

 other time. F. T. Buckland." 



WORMS 



Intestinal worms in the horse are chiefly of two species, both 

 belonging to the genus ascaris. Bots, as inhabiting the stomach, 

 have already been described with that organ; and, moreover, they 

 should never be confounded with what are called properly and 

 scientifically, " worms." Of these, the larger species resembles 

 the common earthworm in all respects but color, which is a pinkish 

 white. It inhabits the small intestines, though it is sometimes, 

 but very rarely, found in the stomach. The symptoms are a rough, 

 staring, hollow coat — a craving appetite — more or less emaciation — 

 the passage of mucus with the faeces, and very often a small por- 

 tion of this remains outside the anus, and dries there. That part 

 generally itches, and in the attempt to rub it the tail is denuded 

 of hair ; but this may arise from vermin in it, or from mere irri- 

 tation of the anus from other causes. When these several symp 



