66 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 
be treated on a similar plan, although in every case the 
treatment in the vertebro-pubic and vertebro-iliac is 
much more difficult than in the position described. 
VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 
With Deviations of the Head, 
This is one of the most common causes of difficult 
parturition. 
The feet, one or both, are presented normally, and 
labor goes on for some time, but suddenly stops, and 
on examination, the head is found to be bent backwards, 
downwards, upwards, to the left or right. In the Mare, 
when this has taken place, the foetus as a rule perishes. 
VERTEBRO-SACRAL. 
With Head Bent Downwards, 
If called when the head is just caught at the brim 
of the pelvis, and both fore-feet are presented, cord 
them at the fetlocks; pass in the hand between the 
fore-limbs, grasp the foetus by the mouth, or under the 
chin, and raise the head, while traction is applied to the 
cords. If only one fore-limb is presented, the position 
is more difficult. It will be necessary to get both into 
position before anything else can be done. 
, A more serious presentation, however, is caused by 
the arch of the neck being presented to the pelvic 
cavity. In this case, cord the presented limbs, pass in 
the hand, and if the mouth can be reached, cord the 
upper jaw and push the foetus back into the womb. 
Apply pressure to the neck, and at the same time 
traction to the cord round the upper jaw. If much 
traction is required, it is more than likely that the jaw 
