CuaptTer XIII. 
DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. 
Wounds and Bruises. 
Wounds and bruises of the udder and teats are 
most frequent in Cows, and generally caused by treads; 
animals with large pendulous, udders may even tread 
on their own teats when rising. Injuries are caused by 
bites, or by sharp objects, like thorns. 
Surface wounds are usually unimportant, and may 
be treated on general principles. Bleeding is sometimes 
considerable at the base of the teat; and should the 
wound open into the gland, there may be danger of 
milk fistula, which may be feared only during the 
period of lactation. Injuries to the teat may produce 
cicatricial contraction, and consequent difficulty in 
milking. 
Bruises of the udder cause bleeding, either into the 
gland ducts, the milk then being mixed with blood, or 
into the gland tissue, the skin, and subcutaneous tissue. 
The blood may be absorbed, as in other soft parts, or 
lead to the formation of pus or to putrefactive changes. 
Treatment.—In all deep wounds of the udder, the 
first object should be to obtain healing, by first inten- 
tion, to prevent the formation of milk fistula. In a 
fresh wound, the edges should be carefully disinfected 
and sutured. The escape of milk from gaping wounds 
of the teats can sometimes be prevented by the 
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