134 VETERINARY OBSTETRICS. 
dled, great pain, groaning, and after a short time there 
are well marked signs of septicemia; death not infre- 
quently takes place within twenty-four hours. 
Treatment.—Similar to that for purulent inflamma- 
tion. Care should be taken to prevent transmission by 
the shepherd. Disinfectant injections are generally 
too late and without effect in this form. Early incision 
into the necrotic parts and disinfection. If the process. 
has made much progress, even this treatment seldom 
suffices, and the animal’s life can only be saved by 
amputation of the diseased portion. 
Stenosis and Occlusion of the Mammary Duct. 
In Cows, there is only one opening, at which point 
the skin is reflected to cover the lower end of the duct. 
At the upper end of this canal, which is from three- 
sixteenths to one-quarter of an inch in length, the 
mucous membrane begins, and lines the galactophorous 
sinuses up to their termination. Ata point where the 
skin becomes continuous with the mucous membrane, 
z.é, about three-eighths of an inch above the end of 
the teat, lies the valve, which, like the greater part of 
the teat, consists of muscular fibres. 
Stenosis of the mammary duct in the Cow results. 
either from proliferation of the well developed epithel- 
ium lining it, or from contraction of cicatricial tissue. 
The former of these conditions occurs while the animal 
is “dry,” and stenosis only appears after next calving. 
Occlusion of the duct is sometimes congenital in Cows 
(Furstenberg), or results from inflammation at the lower 
end of the teat. Diseases of the skin, injuries, cow- 
