318 INTERNAL ANATOMY OF HORSE. 



runs through the base of the cerebellum and enters the cerebral 

 hemispheres close behind two thick white cords, the optic nerves 

 {(Jp.G). Further portions of the isthmus and other parts of 

 the brain are named in the figure (fig. 164). 



Both from the lirain and spinal cord nerves are given off to 

 the various parts of the body. Those coming from the brain 

 are called cranial nerves, those from the spinal cord spinal 

 nerves ; both groups are always paired. There are twelve pairs 

 of " cranials," as foUows : — 



Olfactory nerves (fig. 164, 1). 



Optic nerves (2). 



Oculo-motor nerves (3). 



Trochlear nerves (4). 



Trigeminal nerves (5). 



External oculo-motor nerves (6). 



Facial nerves (7). 



Auditory nerves (8). 



Glosso-pharyngeal nerves (9). 



Yagus or pneumogastric nerves (10). 



Accessory nerves (10). 



Hypoglossal nerves. 

 The olfactory constitute the olfactory lobes in the brain; 

 they pass to the nose and form the sense of smell (fig. 164, 01). 

 They arise from two roots at the brain. Impressions of odours 

 are received by them and are transmitted to the brain. The 

 optics are, of course, the nerves of sight : they cross one auother 

 and form the optic chiasma (fig. 164, Ojj-C). The third and 

 fourth pairs are for the jnovements of the eyes. The trigeminal 

 are a very large pair, have many branches, and are connected 

 with the sympathetic system. They arise b}' two roots, one 

 sensory, while the other contains motor fibres, there being a 

 ganglion on the sensor}' root. The sixth arises by five to eigM 

 roots from the medulla, and also supplies the eye-muscles. The 

 facial nerves are motor in origin, but receive sensory fibres; 

 they excite the contraction of the muscles of the face in general 



