294 How to obtain it. 
white, contrasting beautifully with the darker colour of the sides 
and back. 
“ Like the king salmon, the red salmon travels long distances 
up the rivers, pushing on to their sources ; but it is chiefly a lake 
spawner, while the king salmon prefers the head waters of the 
principal rivers to their small tributaries. It is asserted by Mr. 
Hirsch and others, who have had much experience with the red 
salmon, that no spawning fish of this species ever leave Karluk 
river alive. Natives say that they can catch salmon any time 
during the winter months, through the ice, on Karluk river and 
lake. -They assert also that all the red salmon die in the spring, 
mostly in April. It is said that this species will not enter a river 
which does not arise from a lake. 
“Tn Karluk lake, near the sources of the river, ripe red 
salmon were speared by the natives, August 17th. On the 18th 
of the same month large numbers of dead salmon of this species, 
and plenty of both sexes which were spent and nearly dead, were 
found in the rivers connecting Karluk lake with its tributary lakes. 
In all of the little streams falling into Karluk lake in which red 
salmon were found dead fish were moderately common, and 
there was an abundance of young salmon about one and a half 
inches long, which must have been hatched from eggs deposited 
during the preceding fall. The male red salmon develops a lump 
nearly as large as that of the humpback, and its jaws are exceed- 
ingly enlarged.” 
These interesting observations upon the salmon of Alaska 
have much instruction in them. Although there are other species 
of salmon than our Sa/mo salar, yet they are all salmon, closely 
allied, belonging to the genus sa/mo, and having a great deal in 
common, although in appearance, in structure, and to some 
extent in habit, variations more or less modified occur. When 
better known, several species may be found to merge into one, 
but it would be premature for me to make anything approaching 
a definite assertion on this point at present. 
It is very evident that there is a great deal that is common 
to the salmon of both continents. First of all with regard to the 
early or fresh-water stage, the young, or “ parrs” as we should 
call them, remain in fresh water until the second and third spring 
