282 TENNESSEE AGRICULTURE 



CAVING FRAMES. 



Frames may be cleaned by boiling in water for an hour, but this 

 frequently causes them to warp badly. 



SAVJNG Hi\-i-:s. 

 Hives which have formerly contained diseased colonies, or in which 

 diseased combs have been stored or carried, should be burned over in- 

 side with a gasoline or oil torch. 



FALL TREATMENT. 



If the disease is discovered late in the season, and the colony is still 

 strong, leave it until November, take the diseased combs away, and 

 supply honey from a healthy colony, in full sealed combs. Be sure 

 that the combs are all scaled, and that they are from a colony zvhich 

 has no disease. 



If the colony is not strong enough to be worth this treatment it 

 should be destroyed at once, as one great source of spread is the spring 

 robbing out of combs left by the winter death of such colonies. 



EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD. 



The best description of this disease which has been published is 

 found in U. S. Department of .Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin 442, "The 

 Treatment of Bee Diseases," by E. F. Phillips, Ph.D. It is as follows: 

 "European foul brood was formerly called 'black brood,' or 'New York 

 bee disease.' The name 'black brood' was a poor one, for the color 

 of the dead brood is rarely black, or even very dark brown. European 

 foul brood usually attacks the larva at an earlier stage of its develop- 

 ment than American foul brood, and while it is still curled up at the 

 base of the cell (Fig. 4, r). A small percentage of larvae dies after 

 capping, but sometimes quite young larvae are attacked (Fig. 4, e, in), 

 Sunken and perforated cappings are sometimes observed, just as in 

 American foul brood (Fig. 2, c, g, j). The earliest indication of the 

 disease is a slight yellow or gray discoloration and uneasy movement 

 of the larva in the cell. The larva loses its well-rounded, opaque 

 appearance and becomes slightly translucent, so that the tracheae may 

 become prominent (Fig. 4, b), giving the larva a clearly segmented 

 appearance. The larva is usually flattened against the base of the 

 cell, but may turn so that the ends of the larva are to the rear of the 

 cell (Fig. 4, p), or may fall away from the base (Fig 4, c. g, I). 

 Later the color changes to a decided yellow or gray and the translu- 

 cency is lost (Fig. 4, q, h). The yellow color may be taken as the 



