LAKID^— THE GTILLS AND TERNS. , 221 



Only two species of Rissa are known, both of which belong to 

 the North American fauna. They may readily be distinguished 

 by the following characters: 



1. K. tridaotyla. Legs and left black; wing, about 12.25 inches; oulmen, 1.40-1.50; 



depth ol bill at base, .59; tarsus, 1.30; middle toe with claw. 1.80. 

 8. B, bieviroatriB. Legs and feet deep coral- or vermilion-red (drying yellowish); 



wing, about 13.00. inches : culmen, 1.20; depth ol bill through base, 50; tarsus. 1.25; 



middle toe with claw, nearly 2.00. Hab. North Pacific, particularly the American 



side. 



Rissa tridactyla (Linn.) 



KITTIWAKE. 



Popular synonyms. Kittiwake Gull; Tarrock (England, name for young); Winter Gull, 

 Pinyole, or Pinny Owl (Newfoundland Banks). 



Larus tridaetvlus Linn. S. N. ed. 10, i, 1768, 136 ; ed. 12, i, 1766, 224.— Sw. &;Kioh. F. B.-A. ii, 1831, 

 423.— NtTTT. Man. ii, 1834, 298— Aud. Orn. Biog. iii, 1835, 186, pi. 224; Synop. 1839, 

 326; B. Am. vii, 1844, 146 pi, 444.— OouES, Key, 1872, 314; Check List, 1873, No. 652. 

 Rissa tridactyla BONAP. Comp, List, 1838, 62.— Lawe. in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 854. 

 — Baibd. Cat. N. Am. B. 1859, No. 672.— Saundebs. P. Z. S. 1878, 163 (synonymy, et ■.). 

 — BroGW. Nom. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 658; Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 25.— CouES. 2d Check 

 List. 1882, No. 782.-A. O. U. Check List, 1886. No. iO. 

 Rissa triOaotyla, a. tridactyla B. B. & E. Water B. N. Am. ii, 1884, 202. 

 Larus {Bissa) triddctylus CouES, B. N. W. 1874, 644. 



L&rus rissa Bbunn. Orn. Bor. 1764, 42.— LiKN. S, N. ed, 12, i, 1766, 224. 



Larus alius MiJLLBB, NatursySt. 1776, 108 (based Button's Mouetfe cendree tachettee). 



Larus cinerarius Fabb. Fauna Groenl. 1780, 101 (not of Linn. 1766.— Winter plumage). 



Larus ncevius SoHArr. Mus. Orn. 1789, 64 (not ol Linn.). 



Larus torquatvs Vkll. Zoog. Bosso-As. ii. 1826. 328. 



Larus canus Pall. 1. c. 330 (not ol Linn.). 



Larus gavia Pall. 1. c. 329. 



Larus riga Gmel. S. N. i, pt. ii, 1788, 594 (misprint). 



Rissa irunnichU Lbaoh. Stephen's Gen. Zool. xiii, pt. i, 1826, 181, pi. 21. 



Rissa cinerea Etton, Cat. Br. B. 1836, 52. 



Laroides minor Beehm, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 756. 



Rissa borealis Bbehm, Naum. 1855, 294 (not Larus borealis Beuoh). 



Rissa gregaria Bbehm, 1. c. 



Hab. Oircumpolar regions in summer, coming south in winter to the Middle States 

 and Great Lakes. 



Sp. Chab. Adult in summer: Mantle deep pearl-gray (about the same shade as ia»*us 

 braehvrhynchus and L. californicus), the secondaries passing into white terminally. Pri- 

 maries paler pearl-gray, the five outer auills with their terminal portion black, this color 

 extending lor about 3. 26 inches on the outer and . 75 of an inch, more orless, on the fifth, and 

 of intermediate extent on those between; outer web of the exterior anill almost wholly 

 black; inner auills pale pearl-blue, scarcely paler terminally, the sixth sometimes marked 

 with a black spot near the end of the outer web ; fifth Quill tipped with white, and fourth 

 with a minute apical spot (when not worn oft). Best of the plumage snow-white. Bill pale 

 yellow, sometimes tinged with greenish; Inside of mouth vermilion-red: eyelids red; iris 

 brown; legs and feet black or dusky brown. Adultin winter: Similar, but nape and occi- 

 put washed with the color of the back, the auricular region, and immediately in front of the 

 eye, with a dark plumbeous suflaslon, sometimes extending across the occiput. Young, 



