LAEID^— THE GULLS AND TERNS. 241 



[6. S. paradisaea. Lower parts deeper gray, almost as dark as upper parts; otherwise 



like ^'. hirundo, but lateral tail-feathers more elongated. Hab. Ciroumpolar 



districts, south in winter, in America, to northern United States (breeding as far 



south as coast of New England).] , 



!§. Both webs of outer tall-feather entirely white, or grayish white. 

 [7. S. dougalli. Lower parts delicate "peach-blossom pink" fading to pinkish white or 



pure white in dried skins. Bai. Atlantic coast of United States, West Indies, 



and various parts of old world.] 

 6. Upper parts slate-gray or sooty blackish, the forehead and sides of crown white ; 



six to ten middle tail-feathers slaty or blackish. (Subgenus Haliplana Wagl.) 

 [8. S, fnliginosa. Upper parts sooty black. SaT>. Tropical and sub-tropical coasts of 



both hemispheres, north to the South Atlantic (casually to New England) States.] 

 [9. S. anaethetns. Upper parts slate-gray, fading into white on hind-neck. Hab. 



Tropical sea-coasts, north to Florida.] 

 II. Wing less than 7.00 inches. (Subgenus 5ier»itiZaBoiB.) 

 10. S, antiUarum. 



Subgenus THALASSEUS Boie. 



Thalasseus BoiE, Isis. 1822,563. Type, Sterna caspia Pall.,=5. tschegrava Lbpboh. 

 Sj?;oc/ieZidoraBBEHM,Y6g.Deutschl. 1830,767. Same type. 



SuBQEN. Ohab. Largest and most powerful of the Terns. Tail mueh less than half as 

 long as the wing, forked for lesf than one fifth of its total length ; feathers of occiput nor- 

 mal (short and blended, not forming a crest) ; depth of bill at base eaual to nearly one third 

 the exposed culmen; inner webs Qf primaries unicolored (plain gray or slaty). 



Sterna tsch.egiava Lepechin. 



CASPIAN lEBN. 



Popular synomym, Gannet (coast Virginia). 



Sterna tschegrava Lbpboh. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv, 1770, 500, pi. 13, flg. 2.— A. 0. U. Cheek 



List, 1886, No. 64.— EiDGW. Man. N. Am. B. 1887, 39. . 

 Sterna caspia Pail. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv, 1770, 582.— Gmel. S. N. i, pt. ii,17^,603.— Lawb. 



in Baird's B. N. Am. 1858, 859.— Baied, Cat. N. Am. B. 1858, No. 682.— CouES, Key, 1872, 



319; Check List, No. 591 ; 2d ed. 1882, No. 79S.— EroGW. Norn. N. Am. B. 1881, No. 680.— 



B. B. &. E. Water g. N. Am. ii, 1884, 280. 

 Thalasseus caspius BoiE, Isis, 1822, 563.— CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scl. Phila. 1862, 637. 



—Elliot, Illustr. Am. B. pi. 56. 

 Sterna (.Thalasseus) caspia CouES, B. N. W. 1874, 667. 

 Sterna caspica Spabbm. Mus. Carls, iii, 1788, pi. 62. 

 Sterna megarhynchos Meyeb, Tasch. Deutsch. Vog. ii, 1810, 457. 

 Sylachelidon strenuus Godld, P. Z. S. 1816, 21; B. Austr. vii, 1848, pi. 22 (Australia). 

 Thalassites melanotis Sw. B. W. Atr. 1837,253 (type in Cambridge Mus.; examined by H. S.). 

 Sylochelidon balthioa et schillingii Bebhm, Vog. Deutschl. 1831, 769, 770. 

 Sterna major Ellman, Zool. 1861. 7472. 

 Thalasseus imperator CowES, Proc. Aoad. Nat. Sol. Phila. 1862, 538 (text; Labrador). 



Sterna caspia, var. imperator Eidgw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x, 1874, 391. 

 Sterna regia (nee Gamb.) Eidgw. Orn. 40fch Par. 1877, 639 (Humboldt Lake, Nevada). 



Hab. PalsBarotic Eegion. North America in general, but very irregularly distributed; 

 breeding in Labrador, along the Arctic coast, on islands :ji Lake Michigan and along coast 

 of Virginia and Texas 1 Humboldt Marshes, Nevada, numerous; coast of California; Aus- 

 tralia. 



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