47 
ives rise to the male. Pseudova capable of producing true males and 
emales may, however, be produced by wingless forms also. The true 
male is smaller than the female; both alike are destitute of a mouth, 
and exist for reproductive purposes alone. Both male and female are 
wingless. On the fourth day after the female is hatched she deposits 
a single egg in the crevice of the bark, where it remains during the 
winter. The winged forms are unable to cross extensive plains or 
seas, but the true ovum retains its vitality for a considerable period, 
and may readily be transported. The subterranean larval forms may 
el be carried from one country to another on the roots of infested 
plants. 
The phylloxera found at Remuera differs from the typical P. 
vastatrix in the greater length of the suctorial beak of the larval forms, 
in which it is much longer than the body, and presents a singular appear- 
ance. In the great length of the rostrum it resembles a subterranean 
form of the well-known American blight-aphis, Schizoneura lanigera, but, 
so far as I am aware, no similar state has been recorded amongst the 
numerous changes of form assumed by the typical grape-louse, although 
it has received a greater amount of attention and given rise to a more 
extensive literature than any other insect. 
No satisfactory remedy for the attacks of the vine-iouse has yet 
been discovered. Flooding the affected vineyards has proved beneficial, 
but a remedy of this kind can only be applied in special situations. 
An open phial containing two ounces of carbon disulphide, placed 
amongst the roots of the infested vines has produced good results, but 
must be handled carefully, as the vapour is poisonous. 
Most of the remedies proposed, as sulpho-carbonate of potassium, 
arseniate of copper, &c., are dangerous to human beings, and must be 
used. with the greatest caution. 
In the case of a vinery, or a few isolated vines out of doors, being 
attacked by phylloxera, the insect could be destroyed by saturating the 
soil with a solution of caustic potash and sulphur. The cost would be 
much less than the value of the fruiting vines, to say nothing of the 
expense attending their destruction, the formation of a new border, 
replanting, and total loss of the crop for two or three years. But, so 
long as the importation of vines is prohibited, there is but little danger 
of the vine-louse reaching the shores of the colony. Even should an 
importation take place, the insect may be prevented from spreading 
by the prompt adoption of destructive measures. It was first observed 
in the British Islands in 1863, and since that year both aerial and 
subterranean forms have been seen in several localities in England and 
Scotland, but no difficulty has been found in extirpating the insect. 
The climate of New Zealand would doubtless prove more conducive 
to its rapid increase. 
It is still a matter of dispute whether the typical form of the 
grape-louse has been observed in Australia, where it is said that 
the insect infesting the vines also destroys maize, peas, and other 
plants. 
