378 GENETICS IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE 
Since the true nature of Winkler’s chimeras has been made clear a 
number of historical cases of graft-hybrids have been investigated. The 
results of this work have been summarized by Buder whose list appears 
in Table LIII. Most of these cases have been fully discussed in other 
works. Typical leaves of the two types of Cratsegomespilus and of 
the two parents, the whitethorn and the medlar, are illustrated in 
Fig. 154. 
Tasie LIII.—Lisr or tar Mosr Important PERIcLINAL CHIMERAS PRODUCED 
BY GRAFTING. 
(Adapted from Buder.) 
Name and origin 
Used in grafting 
As stock 
As scion 
Composition 
Laburnum(Cytisus) Adami, arose 
spontaneously in 1826 from an 
unsuccessful graft. 
The Crategomespili of Bron- 
vaux, originated spontaneous- 
ly many decades ago at Bron- 
vaux in Metz from places 
where stock and scion had 
overgrown on grafts nearly a 
century old. 
(a) Cr. Asnierest (resembling 
whitethorn) 
The Crategomes of La- 
grange, apparently complete 
analogues of the two forms 
from Bronvaux. 
The pear-quince ‘‘hybrid”’ of 
Frére Henri, originated about 
1903 in Rennes. 
The peach-almond graft hybrid 
of Daniel and Delpon, arose 
spontaneously in 1908 at Mas- 
Grenier (Tarn and Garonne). 
The tomato-nightshade ‘‘hy- 
brids’’ of Winkler, produced 
experimentally in 1907-9. 
{8} S. tubigense....6...00.05% 
b) S. proteus... 
c) S. Kelreuterianum....... 
d) S. Gertnerianum......... 
e) S. Darwinianum......... 
The tomato-eggplant and to- 
mato-bittersweet ‘hybrids”’ of 
Heuer, produced experiment- 
ally in 1910. 
Form I 
The populus ‘‘hybrid”’ of Baur, 
produced experimentally in 
1. 
Laburnum vulgare 
(Shower of Gold). 
Crategus monogy- 
na (Whitethorn). 
Cydonia (Quince). 
Amygdalus  com- 
munis (Almond). 
Solanum lycoper- 
sicum (Tomato). 
Solanum —lycoper- 
sicum (Tomato). 
Solannm _lycoper- 
sicum (Tomato) 
Populus canaden- 
sis, 
Cytisus purpureus 
(Purple Broom). 
Mespilus german- 
tca (Medlar). 
Pyrus (Pear). 
Amygdalus persica 
(Peach). 
Solanum nigrum 
(Black nightshade). 
Solanum melongena 
(Egg plant). 
S. dulcamara 
(Bittersweet). 
P. trichocarpa. 
According to Buder only one 
outer layer of C. purpureus, 
all within being L. vulgare. 
According to Baur and H. 
Mayer both forms have a 
Crategus body which is cov- 
ered by a Mespilus mantel: 
In (a) of one layer of cells. 
In (6) of two layers of cells. 
Probably consists of pear tis- 
sue within a layer of quince 
cells. 
Evidently a mixture of sec- 
torial and periclinal chim- 
eras. 
According to Winkler: 
Outer layers Inner tissue 
1 of S. lycopers. S. nigrum 
land 2 S.lyco- 8S. nigrum 
persicum 
Lof S. nigrum _ 8S. lycopers. 
land 2S. nigrum S. lycopers. 
“An actual hybrid” (but see 
text). 
Probably only the epidermis 
is egg plant, tomato within. 
Epidermis of tomato, inner 
portion bittersweet. 
Only the epidermis of P. tri- 
chocarpa, within P, canaden- 
sis. 
In addition to the above there are the’Bizarria as they have been termed. These are periclinal 
chimeras (some of them perhaps also sectorial chimeras) between different species of Citrus: Pomeranze, 
Citrone, Cedrate, Limette. The earliest record of these dates from Florence, 1644. They aroused in- 
terest in their day because of the manifold sectorial and periclinal chimera combinations in their fruits. 
Although most of these forms are now forgotten, several are still in cultivation, but they have not 
received close study (but see Corr, ‘‘Citrus Fruits’’). 
Baur’s Investigation of a Natural Chimera—The key to the ex- 
planation of Winkler’s artificially produced chimeras was furnished by 
Baur’s discovery of the difference between the white-edged and solid 
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