120 ANIMAL DENTISTRY. 



daily the superior, with the incisor nipper and file. 



(2) Polishing the anterior surface of the superior 

 incisors. 



(3) Renewal of the cups by drilling and staining. 



1. Shortening of the crowns of the superior incisors will 

 deceive only the novice or the careless expert. The ar- 

 tificially shortened crown is promptly recognized by the in- 

 terrupted contact of the anterior margin of the arcades, if 

 not by the other retrogressive changes which cannot be ef- 

 faced. The operation is performed with an ordinary incisor 

 nipper and file. The first step is to cut off the anterior end 

 of the superior corners where they contact the laterals, and 

 then file them to the length decided upon. Then using this 

 length as a guide, a groove is filed across the entire arcade, 

 over the laterals and centrals. The teeth are then cut off 

 along the groove and filed to a regular, smooth edge, and 

 beveled backwards to give the appearance of a normal su- 

 perior table. If the nipper alone is used without first groov- 

 ing the arcade, the enamel may chip upward and ruin the 

 appearance of the whole arcade. 



2. Polishing the crowns — After shortening the arcade 

 the anterior face is scraped of all its tartar and crusta pe- 

 trosa with a curette, and then whitened with emery paper 

 to give the appearance of young teeth. This operation is 

 also performed with a small revolving emery wheel applied 

 to the flexible shaft of a dental engine. By this means the 

 grooves, as well as the incrustations, can be removed. The 

 typical bluish-white color of young enamel can, however, 

 not be imitated, and besides, the yellow color will soon re- 

 turn. 



3. Renewal of the cups (Bishoping) is the most impor- 

 tant of the artificial attempts to make horses appear younger, 

 and if performed intelligently upon horses that are not too 

 old, together with the above operations, even the vaunted 



