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REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF PLANTS. 301 
also the butternut and hickory-nut. Raspberries and 
blackberries are clusters of small drupes. 
Pome is a term applied to fruits like the apple and 
pear, the core of which is the true seed-vessel, originally 
belonging to the pistil, while the often edible flesh is the 
enormously enlarged and thickened calyx, whose withered 
tips are always to be found at the end opposite the stem. 
The Berry is a many-seeded fruit of which the entire 
seed-vessel becomes thick and soft, as the grape, currant, 
tomato, and huckleberry. 
Gourd fruits have externally a hard rind, but are fleshy 
in the interior. The melon, squash, and cucumber, are of 
this kind. 
The Akene is a fruit containing a single seed which does 
not separate from its dry envelope. The so-called seeds 
of the composite plants, for example the sun-flower, thistle, 
and dandelion, are akenes. On removing the outer husk 
or seed-vessel we find within the true seed. Many akenes 
* are furnished with a pappus, a downy or hairy appendage, 
as seen in the thistle, which enables the seed to float and 
be carried about in the wind. The fruit or grain of buck- 
wheat is akene-like. 
The Grains are properly fruits. Wheat and maize con- 
sist of the seed and the seed-vessel closely united. When 
these grains are ground, the bran that comes off is the 
seed-vessel together with the outer coatings of the seed. 
Barley-grain, in addition to the seed-vessel, has the petals 
of the flower or inner chaff, and oats have, besides these, 
the calyx or outer chaff adhering to the seed. 
Pod is the name properly applied to any dry seed-ves- 
sel which opens and scatters its seeds when ripe. Several 
kinds have received special designations; of these we need 
only notice one. 
The Legume is a pod, like that of the bean, which 
splits into two halves, along whose inner edges seeds are 
